The species belonging to the genus Echinochloa represent main weeds in rice fields worldwide. Heavy soils are especially appropriate for this crop that is often grown monoculture. A drought period 2012 impeded farmers from sowing some parts of region Aragon (northeastern Spain) and, unusually, they seeded alternative crops such as winter cereal, fescue (Festuca arundinacea), ryegrass (Lolium mu...

For tall fescue in the southeastern USA, long term persistence, competitiveness, yield, and summer survival are directly related to the presence of a fungal endophyte (Neotyphodium coenophialum; formerly called Acremonium coenophialum) living in the fescue plant. However, cattle grazing forage from the predominant USA tall fescue cultivars infected with their naturally occurring endophyte strai...

Curvularia eragrostidis, a causal agent of head blight on the weed (Digitaria sanguinalis), did not cause disease on the turfgrass Festuca arundinacea. Different extracellular esterase isoenzymes were detected in saprophytic and parasitic phases during the fungal germination. The epicuticular waxes of D. sanguinalis were more efficient to induce the secretion of esterases from the fungus than t...

Calcium (Ca+) may be involved in plant tolerance to heat stress by regulating antioxidant metabolism or/and water relations. This study was designed to examine whether external Ca2+ treatment would improve heat tolerance in two C3, cool-season grass species, tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea L.) and Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.), and to determine the physiological mechanisms of Ca2+ effe...

Four weed species (Bromus mollis, Vulpia sp., Poa annua, Steltaria media) occur in 30% or more of all perennial ryegrass seed samples. Of the listed undesirable species, Avena fatua (wild oat) and Hordeum murinum occurred respectively in 5.3 and 3.5% of ryegrass seedlots. Only 6 herbicides are registered for use in grass seed crops in New Zealand, 2 for wild oat, and 4 for broadleaved weeds. Th...

Many states have passed legislation that regulates agricultural P applications based on soil P levels and crop P uptake in an attempt to protect surface waters from nonpoint P inputs. Phytase enzyme and high available phosphorus (HAP) corn supplements to poultry feed are considered potential remedies to this problem because they can reduce total P concentrations in manure. However, less is know...

Fresh, senesced, and decaying pine needles from Pinus halepensis were evaluated for their allelopathic potential on Festuca arundinacea, Cynodon dactylon and the biosensor plants Avena sativa and Lemna minor through in vivo and in vitro studies. The in vivo study was performed in growth chambers, using 6, 12, and 18 g of pine needle tissue mixed with screened perlite as a substrate. The effects...

In order to investigate the genetic variation in tissue culture response and to ®nd the cultivars with high regeneration ability for genetic transformation, twenty®ve turf-type tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) cultivars, including many elite ones released recently, were evaluated for their callus induction and plant regeneration responses. Callus induction was initiated from mature see...