Reacting, in part, to these and other sobering statistics, the Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention established the Partnerships To Reduce Juvenile Gun Violence Program, which seeks to increase the effectiveness of existing strategies by enhancing and coordinating prevention, intervention, and suppression efforts and strengthening community linkages. This Bulletin describes the...

Phakopsora pachyrhizi is a biotrophic fungus provoking SBR disease. SBR poses a major threat to global soybean production. Though several R genes provided soybean immunity to certain P. pachyrhizi races, the pathogen swiftly overcame this resistance. Therefore, fungicides are the only current means to control SBR. However, insensitivity to fungicides is soaring in P. pachyrhizi and, therefore, ...

On page 597, Torosantucci and colleagues describe a novel vaccine with the potential to confer protection against multiple fungal pathogens. In mice, the vaccine induced protective immunity against Candida albicans and Aspergillus fumigatus , both common fungal pathogens that prey on immunocompromised individuals. Vaccination generates anti–␤-glucan anti-bodies that inhibit Candida hyphae. On p...

Long before humans left Africa to conquer the rest of the world, the first felids started their bid for world domination from their native Asia. Genome research has shown that the last common ancestor of today's cat-like species lived in Asia some 10.8 million years ago, and that its descendants started to migrate to Africa and the Americas 9 million years ago (Annu. Rev. Genomics Hum. Genet. (...

We build a model where a buyer negotiates a price discount with a seller in exchange for not asking the receipt and paying in cash, allowing tax evasion. Sellers and buyers are heterogeneous with respect to their tax morale and to their cost of managing payment instruments different from cash. We study how a tax rebate for the buyer and a tax on cash withdrawals affect tax evasion and governmen...

IE E E S P E C T R U M • Fe br u ar y 20 0 1 In March of 1999, the U.S. Marines invaded California. Descending on an old Navy hospital in Oakland, they attempted to wrest it from guerilla fighters encamped there. Despite being armed to the teeth with the latest intelligence-gathering and assault weaponry, they suffered devastating losses, some units reporting casualty rates as high as 70 percen...

I examine the determinants of con‡ict and settlement by embedding probabilistic contests in a bargaining framework. Di¤erent costly enforcement e¤orts (e.g., arming, litigation expenditures) induce di¤erent disagreement points and Pareto frontiers. After examining the incentives for settlement, I demonstrate how di¤erent division rules and bargaining norms have real, economic e¤ects. I then ana...

In this issue of Blood, Dany et al demonstrate a critical role of the ceramideregulated signaling pathway in inducing mitophagy to cause cell death and overcome drug resistance of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) cells carrying internal tandem duplication (ITD) of the Fms-like tyrosine kinase 3 (FLT3) gene. Inhibition of FLT3-ITD signaling through altering ceramide-involved lipid metabolism provide...

Fighting HIV/AIDS structure of a transcription initiation complex is solved, and we can visualize the interacting components. Gal1 also gives the authors a way to segue into the concept Staying Alive of sequential recruiting. Thus, the initial activators of Onward to higher eukaryotes and a variety of regulatory pathways. To show directly that mechanisms de-Less than a decade after the fall of ...

Children are vulnerable to extracranial solid tumours, known as neuroblastomas, at a very young age. These tumors are derived from primitive sympathetic neural precursors and they account for almost 15% of all pediatric cancer deaths (1). The most distinguishing feature of these tumors is their heterogeneous clinical behavior, which can range from spontaneous regression to highly aggressive met...