This paper presents a detailed experimental study of the evolution and shape of reversible corrugations, or wrinkles, in initially flat, linear-elastic and isotropic thin foils subject to in-plane loads. Two sets of experiments were carried out, on a rectangular membrane under simple shear and on a square membrane subjected to two pairs of equal and opposite diagonal forces at the corners. Sali...

The inner mitochondrial membrane has been shown to have a novel structure that contains tubular components whose radii are on the order of 10 nm as well as comparatively flat regions [1]. The structural organization of mitochondria is important to understanding their functionality. We present a model that can account, thermodynamically, for the observed size of the tubules. The model contains t...

We investigate the structural changes to lipid membrane that ensue from the addition of aliphatic alcohols with various alkyl tail lengths. Small angle neutron diffraction from flat lipid bilayers that are hydrated through water vapor has been employed to eliminate possible artefacts of the membrane curvature and the alcohol's membrane-water partitioning. We have observed clear changes to membr...

The external limiting membrane of the avian embryonic optic tectum is isolated by mechanically separating the neuronal mesencephalon from the overlying mesenchymal tissue. The preparation consists of a basal lamina which is covered on its neural side by endfeet of neuroepithelial cells and has attached to it on its meningeal side a collageneous stroma, containing blood vessels. The external lim...

Membrane fusion requires that nearly flat lipid bilayers deform into shapes with very high curvature. This makes membrane bending a critical force in determining fusion mechanisms. A lipid bilayer will bend spontaneously when material is distributed asymmetrically between its two monolayers, and its spontaneous curvature (C0) will influence the stability of curved fusion intermediates. Prior wo...

Peripheral proteins can trigger the formation of domains in mixed fluid-like lipid membranes. We analyze the mechanism underlying this process for proteins that bind electrostatically onto a flat two-component membrane, composed of charged and neutral lipid species. Of particular interest are membranes in which the hydrocarbon lipid tails tend to segregate owing to nonideal chain mixing, but th...

This paper presents the results of the analysis of 56,000 flat grids in a form suitable for minimum weight design.

Two dimensional crystalline membranes in isotropic embedding space exhibit a flat phase with anomalous elasticity, relevant e.g., for graphene. Here we study their thermal fluctuations the absence of exact rotational invariance space. An example is provided by membrane an orientational field, tuned to critical buckling point application in-plane stresses. Through detailed analysis, show that tr...

Flat rate regime is held responsible for this state of affairs and a shift to universal metering is being pushed as remedy. However, metering can work only by creating power retailing entrepreneurs as is being tried out in Orissa. Flat tariff regime can also serve the purpose, provided it is tied to effective supply policies. Judicious rationing and reasonable tariff are essential components of...