Estimates of the number of hospitalizations attributable to specific pathogens are required to predict the potential impact of vaccination. All hospital admissions for lower respiratory tract infection (LRI) in children < 5 years in England in 1995-8 were reviewed. Most admissions (76.8%) were not associated with specific organisms. Seasonality in pathogens that cause bronchiolitis and pneumoni...

In two experiments, the use of a self-other Implicit Association Test (IAT) as a measure of implicit self-esteem was examined. In Study 1, participants completed two self-other IATs: one in which the other was unspecified and one in which the other was specified to be a close friend. Esteem-IAT scores were significantly higher for the unspecified other-IAT (d = .82), indicating that the content...

(2) The suspects are in custody at two undisclosed locations. 'The suspects are in custody at two locations and it is not disclosed which locations they are in custody in'. (3) The suspects were arrested at unspecified locations. 'The suspects were arrested at some locations and it was unspecified which locations they were arrested in'. (4) Fabienne put the money in an unexpected place. 'Fabien...

We consider the problem of testing whether (a large part of) a given string X of length n over some finite alphabet is covered by multiple occurrences of some (unspecified) pattern Y of arbitrary length in the combinatorial property testing model. Our algorithms randomly query a sublinear number of positions of X, and run in sublinear time in n. We first focus on finding patterns of a given len...

The problem of optimal switching and control of nonlinear switching systems with controlled subsystems is investigated in this study where the mode sequence and the switching times between the modes are unspecified. An approximate dynamic programming based method is developed which provides a feedback solution for unspecified initial conditions and different final times. The convergence of the ...

The present work was carried out to investigate first, the ecology of the Sepedon flies as well as speciesof Lymnea snails and secondly, the biological effects of Sepedon fly larvae living on Lymnea. In this regard,the life cycle, death rate and compatibility of Lymnea species, as well as the life cycle of Sepedon flies inbreeding cage and the activity of the new larvae in the same ecological c...

Abstract Background Fluoride may induce oxidative stress and apoptosis. It also lead to neurobehavioural defects including neuromuscular damage. The present study aimed explore the effects of sub lethal concentrations sodium fluoride (NaF) on lifespan climbing ability Drosophila melanogaster. In total, 0.6 mg/L 0.8 NaF were selected as sublethal for study. Lifespan was measured activity assay p...

The ever-increasing test data volume and test power consumption are the two major issues in testing of digital integrated circuits. This paper presents an efficient technique to reduce test data volume and test power simultaneously. The pre-generated test sets are divided into two groups based on the number of unspecified bits in each test set. Test compression procedure is applied only to the ...