The ocean has an abundant reserve of wave energy, which is considered to be a clean, widely distributed and inexhaustible resource. Triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) have been regarded as reliable technology for harvesting energy due its robustness efficiency in scavenging random mechanical energy. In this study, multi-tunnel TENG (MT-TENG) proposed, could integrated easily with buoys. MT-TE...

The inoculation and acclimatization of activated sludge (AS) is one of the vital components to provide preferably suspended aerobic growth and desired treatment mechanism for a treated wastewater using MBR. The performance of a floating media biofilter-submerged membrane bioreactor (FMB-SMBR) and a submerged membrane adsorption bioreactor (SMABR) were investigated during the acclimatization. It...

Silicomanganese (SiMn) is an alloy used in steelmaking to provide both Si and Mn additions at low carbon contents. In South Africa, SiMn is produced in three-phase alternating current (AC) submerged arc furnaces (SAFs) by carbothermic reduction of manganese ores in the form of lump, sinter, and briquettes (Steenkamp and Basson, 2013). In a SAF the electrode tips are submerged in a porous charge...

Hornwort (Ceratophyllum demersum L.) and other aquatic macrophytes have historically been mechanically removed from the Rangiriri drain and Churchill East drain to maintain drain efficiency. As an alternative control method for the high plant biomass that accumulates at the end of summer, the effect of stocking diploid grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella L.) on the aquatic vegetation was evalua...

BACKGROUND Heterophyllous aquatic plants show marked phenotypic plasticity. They adapt to environmental changes by producing different leaf types: submerged, floating and terrestrial leaves. By contrast, homophyllous plants produce only submerged leaves and grow entirely underwater. Heterophylly and submerged homophylly evolved under selective pressure modifying the species-specific optima for ...

Different species of aquatic macrophytes have strongly contrasting effects on the oxygen dynamics of the waters they inhabit. We conducted laboratory experiments to test the hypothesis that macroinvertebrates inhabiting stands of the floating-leaved water-chestnut (Trapa natans), which causes severe hypoxia, are more resistant to low oxygen concentrations (0.5–1 mg L−1) than those that inhabit ...

Bioprinting is a recent development in tissue engineering, which applies rapid prototyping techniques to generate complex living tissues. Typically, cell-containing hydrogels are dispensed layer-by-layer according to a computer-generated three-dimensional model. The lack of mechanical stability of printed hydrogels hinders the fabrication of high aspect ratio constructs. Here we present submerg...

The influence of leading edge sheet cavitation and supercavitation on the added mass effects experienced by a 2-D NACA0009 truncated hydrofoil has been experimentally investigated in a hydrodynamic tunnel. A non-intrusive excitation and measuring system based on piezoelectric patches mounted on the hydrofoil surface was used to determine the natural frequencies of the fluid–structure system. Th...

Semiconductor flash memory is an indispensable component of modern electronic systems. The minimum feature size of an individual CMOSFET has shrunk to 15nm with an equivalent gate oxide thickness (EOT) of 0.8nm in 2001. However, semiconductor flash memory scaling is far behind CMOS logic device scaling. For example, the EOT of the gate stack in semiconductor flash memory is still more than 10nm...