Objective(s): One applications of nanotechnology is in the area of medicine which is called nanomedicine. Primary instruments in nanomedicine can help us to detect diseases and used for drug delivery to inaccessible areas of human tissues. An important issue in simulating the motion of nanoparticles is modeling blood flow as a Newtonian or non-Newtonian fluid. Sometimes blood flow is simulated ...

Volume replacement therapy is crucial to the treatment of hypovolemic shock. In patients with certain conditions, limiting the volume of fluid administered has many potential therapeutic benefits and technical advantages. Hypertonic saline and colloids have characteristics that allow effective treatment of hypovolemic shock using relatively smaller volumes than would be required for isotonic cr...

Fluids available for intravenous volume replacement may be either crystalloid or colloid. The fundamental differences between these fluids are their effects on the Starling equation (table 1) which describes fluid flux between the intravascular and interstitial spaces. Starling stated that the rate of fluid movement into or out of a capillary is related to the net hydrostatic pressure minus the...

Oral rehydration therapy (ORT), using a solution of glucose and three salts (ORS) is an elegant and deceptively simple therapeutic technology, to treat or prevent dehydration from diarrhea, that stood the test of time over the past 25 years of use. It contributed substantially to the dramatic global reduction in mortality from diarrheal diseases during this period (1). However, its use does not...