background: evaluation on the toxicity of two mainly contaminant heavy metals, cadmium (cd) and lead (pb) through the food chain was the aim of this study. methods: a total number of 270 healthy common carp (4±1.14 g) in april, 2015 transported to the khatam alanbia university of technology, behbahan, iran. fishes were divided into three groups and transferred to the 20 l aquaria each containin...

Regulatory guidelines for assessing the safety of new food crops developed using biotechnology were published in the early 1990s, before the introduction of genetically modified (GM) crops. Many GM crops are now widely adopted as 77% of global soybean and 26% of maize production is from GM varieties. The early safety assessment guidelines seem to work as there are no proven cases of harm from t...

DURING A MEAL, the physical and chemical properties of ingested food evoke a variety of feedback signals that eventually lead to meal termination. Food accumulates in the stomach, resulting in gastric distension, and a significant portion of ingested nutrients passes quickly from the stomach into the intestine, contacting receptive elements sensitive to both the volume and chemical character of...

Contents 1. Introduction 2. The origin of tropical crops 3. Dissemination of tropical crops outside their centers of origin 4. Tropical agriculture in colonial times 5. Independence and tropical agriculture 6. Tropical food crops 7. Outlook on tropical agriculture 8. Tropical food crops in a globalized economy 9. Historical background 10. Globalization 11. Free trade 12. The starting point 13. ...

How an animal matches feeding to food availability is a key question for energy homeostasis. We addressed this in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans, which couples feeding to the presence of its food (bacteria) by regulating pharyngeal activity (pumping). We scored pumping in the presence of food and over an extended time course of food deprivation in wild-type and mutant worms to determine th...

The major cause of poor livestock productivity in tropical regions of the world is inadequate nutrition. The shortage of feed in most developing countries and the increasing cost of feed constituents entail that there is a call for to improvement feed utilization strategies in developing countries. Animal feeds and feeding practices can be enhanced by biotechnology to develop better animal nutr...

Identification of viable strategies to increase stress resistance of crops will become increasingly important for the goal of global food security as our population increases and our climate changes. Considering that resistance to oxidative stress is oftentimes an indicator of health and longevity in animal systems, characterizing conserved pathways known to increase oxidative stress resistance...

Identification of viable strategies to increase stress resistance of crops will become increasingly important for the goal of global food security as our population increases and our climate changes. Considering that resistance to oxidative stress is oftentimes an indicator of health and longevity in animal systems, characterizing conserved pathways known to increase oxidative stress resistance...

Trophic cascades are regarded as important signals for top-down control of food web dynamics. Although there is clear evidence supporting the existence of trophic cascades, the mechanisms driving this important dynamic are less clear. Trophic cascades could arise through direct population-level effects, in which predators prey on herbivores, thereby decreasing the abundance of herbivores that i...

Leafhoppers (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae) are pests of many temperate crops, including grapevines (Vitis species). Uncontrolled populations can induce direct and indirect damage to crops due to feeding that results in significant yield losses and increased mortality in infected vineyards due to virus, bacteria, or phytoplasmas vectored by leafhoppers. The main objective of this work was to determin...