C harles Darwin’s enthusiasm and expertise in natural history contributed hugely to his elucidation of evolution by natural selection, which stands as one of the grandest intellectual achievements in the history of science. Darwin was a lifelong observer of nature, stating in correspondence that some of his happiest times in youth were spent fishing on rainy days and ‘‘entomologizing’’ when Eng...

The authors briefly describe the history of gout, mainly focusing their attention on the renal involvement. They report some works and theories on gout of great ancient physicians, such as Paracelsus, Sydenham, Boerhaave, Van Swieten and Morgagni.

Analyses of instrumental data demonstrate robust linkages between decadal-scale North Pacific and tropical Indo-Pacific climatic variability. These linkages encompass common regime shifts, including the noteworthy 1976 transition in Pacific climate. However, information on Pacific decadal variability and the tropical high-latitude climate connection is limited prior to the twentieth century. He...

From around 100 titles worldwide at the beginning of the nineteenth century, the number of science periodicals grew to an estimated 10 000 by the end, facilitating in the process an exponential growth in popular and professional forms of science. Nowadays, scientists might take it for granted that publication in a scientific journal is the recognized way to communicate results, but it was only ...

The most recent "grand minimum" of solar activity, the Maunder minimum (MM, 1650-1710), is of great interest both for understanding the solar dynamo and providing insight into possible future heliospheric conditions. Here, we use nearly 30 years of output from a data-constrained magnetohydrodynamic model of the solar corona to calibrate heliospheric reconstructions based solely on sunspot obser...

Spectral analysis of the physical stature of Americans and Europeans in the 18th and 19th centuries reveals a cyclical structure similar to the traditional view of the business cycle: a longer cycle with a length of 7-10 years, and a shorter cycle with a length of 3-5 years. The correlation between height cycles and cycles of economic variables such as grain prices indicates an influence of eco...

Hyperlinks are so useful for searching and browsing modern digital collections that researchers have longer wondered if it is possible to retroactively add hyperlinks to digitized historical documents. There has already been significant research into this endeavor for historical text; however, in this work we consider the problem of adding hyperlinks among graphic elements. While such a system ...

The Athenian recovery of Theseus’ bones from Scyros is known through a number of literary accounts spanning several centuries. The tradition dates the recovery to the early fifth century and connects it to the Athenian statesman Cimon. Modern reconstructions tend to rely on the combination of different (and possibly conflicting) sources. An analysis of the evidence, however, shows that the stor...

the tenth and eleventh centuries , for persian poets , were the stormy days in iran. safavids dynasty , during thes centures , wich had the powerof iran , didn’t support wery much , for some reasons , the forms of ghazel and encomiastic verse. accordingly , the iranian lyrical &encomiastic; poets immigrated to indis and there they asked for the support of gurkanian court. in this article , the ...