thinking also led to the development of symbolic logic, geometry and various branches of mathematics in ancient Greece, India, Islam and other civilizations. These advances provided a set of rules for the manipulation of concepts, ideas and other

The potential of Big Data is widely recognized and many are seeking fortunes with Big Data today, just as they once sought fortunes by heading West in America. While success was initially limited only by creativity and passion, over time we need civilization, with all its accompanying benefits and constraints. As the field of Big Data matures, it is approaching the end of the "Wild West" era. I...

Transyears in biology have been documented thus far by the extended cosinor approach, including linear-nonlinear rhythmometry. We here confirm the existence of transyears by simulated annealing, a method originally developed for a much broader use, but described and introduced herein for validating its application to time series. The method is illustrated both on an artificial test case with kn...

Understanding the syntax of an undeciphered writing is a significant challenge. This can provide important clues to the nature of writing and guide potential decipherments. Here we evaluate a set of computational tools that can help us address this problem. We show that significant aspects of the writing can be inferred through this approach without making any assumption about the underlying co...

12 volume 54, number 1 expedition he ancient maya created one of the world’s most brilliant and successful civilizations. But 500 years ago, after the Spaniards “discovered” the Maya, many could not believe that Native Americans had developed cities, writing, art, and other hallmarks of civilization. Consequently, 16th century Europeans readily accepted the myth that the Maya and other indigeno...