BACKGROUND Conventional diagnosis between axial and foraminal stenosis is suboptimal and long-term outcomes limited to posterior decompression. Aware state Transforaminal Endoscopic Lumbar Decompression and Foraminoplasty (TELDF) offers a direct aware state means of localizing and treating neuro-claudicant back pain, referred pain and weakness associated with stenosis failing to respond to conv...

Introduction: Main source of nutrition to long bone during growth and ossification is nutrient artery. Nutrient canal opens as foramen on the surface shaft which conducts artery peripheral nerves bones. provides more than 60-70% blood supply bone, 30- 40% through periosteal, metaphyseal epiphyseal vessels. Aim: To determine number foramina, its position shaft, size direction foramina either tow...

We studied degenerative changes in the cervical intervertebral discs of 497 asymptomatic subjects by MRI and evaluated disc degeneration by loss of signal intensity, posterior and anterior disc protrusion, narrowing of the disc space and foraminal stenosis. In each subject, five disc levels from C2-C3 to C6-C7 were evaluated. The frequency of all degenerative findings increased linearly with ag...

We report an 85-year-old woman with an L3 vertebral body fracture who presented with back pain, bilateral leg pain, and weakness after four months of conservative treatment. Because of unstable pseudoarthrosis, the L3 vertebral body collapsed in the standing position and the L3 nerve root was compressed. The indicated surgery decompressed the L3-L4 foramen and fused the unstable segment. The ba...

Definitions are based on anatomy and pathology. Definitions are not based on and do not imply specific etiologies (ie trauma), symptoms, or a need for a specific treatment. Normal-Free of disease, traumatic changes, or age associated changes Congenital / Developmental Variants-such as disc changes due to scoliosis or spondylolisthesis Degenerative & Traumatic Anular tear (synonymous with anular...