The IEEE 1451.4 smart transducer interface standard [1] provides a mechanism for both analog and digital, or mixed mode, interfacing to sensors and actuators, which are collectively referred to as transducers. The analog mode allows normal interfacing to the transducer. The digital mode is intended to provide the „smarts‟ by allowing the transducer to provide basic information to the applicatio...

[Purpose] To clarify the influence of nonspecific low back pain (NSLBP) on force fluctuation and the myoelectric data of back muscles during isometric trunk extension at low to high force levels. [Subjects] Fourteen male subjects with NSLBP and 14 healthy male control subjects participated in this study. [Methods] All participants extended their trunk isometrically maintaining 10 levels of targ...

To examine the relationships between masticatory force, electromyogram (EMG) of masticatory muscles, and jaw movement pattern, we quantitatively evaluated the effects of changing hardness of a chewing substance on these three variables. Cortically induced rhythmic jaw movements of a crescent-shaped pattern were induced by electrical stimulation of the cerebral cortical masticatory area in the a...

The effect of temperature and electrical drive conditions on the output lead zirconate titanate (PZT) transducers is particular interest in ultrasound metrology medical applications. In this work, temperature-dependent two single-element PZT was measured between 22 °C 46 °C. Two independent measurement methods were used, namely radiation force balance measurements laser vibrometry. When driven ...

The Datex Relaxograph is a recently introduced electromyographic monitor of neuromuscular transmission. It has been assessed in patients requiring neuromuscular blockade and the results compared with those obtained simultaneously with a force transducer. There was a good correlation between the two methods of measurement for both twitch height and train-of-four ratio (correlation coefficients 0...