A common feature of post-traumatic stress disorder and various mood and anxiety disorders is the formation of negative associations with neutral stimuli, or the recall of negative memories stimulated by unrelated, neutral circumstances. However, the contribution of stress itself to these phenomena is unclear. Now, Fenton and colleagues have shown that in rats stress can reactivate memories that...

Introduction: The functions of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) are important, particularly in the proteins’ synthesis, folding, modification, and transport. Based on traditional medicine and our previous studies on Zanthoxylum alatum in lipopolysaccharide-induced depressive behavior and scopolamine-induced impaired memory, the present study explored the role of hydroalcoholic extract of Z. alatu...

This study examined the role of endocannabinoid signaling in stress-induced reinstatement of cocaine seeking and explored the interaction between noradrenergic and endocannabinergic systems in the process. A well-validated preclinical model for human relapse, the rodent conditioned place preference assay, was used. Cocaine-induced place preference was established in C57BL/6 mice using injection...

introduction: depressive disorder is a prevalent psychiatric disorder, which affects 21% of the world population. the presently using drugs can impose a variety of side-effects including cardiac toxicity, hypopiesia, sexual dysfunction, body weight gain, and sleep disorder. during the last decade, there is a growing interest in the therapeutic effects of natural products on mental disorders. am...

Introduction: Depressive disorder is a prevalent psychiatric disorder, which affects 21% of the world population. The presently using drugs can impose a variety of side-effects including cardiac toxicity, hypopiesia, sexual dysfunction, body weight gain, and sleep disorder. During the last decade, there is a growing interest in the therapeutic effects of natural products on mental disorders. Am...