Formal Methods are mathematically-based techniques for software design and engineering, which enable the unambiguous description of reasoning about a system’s behaviour. Autonomous systems use to make decisions without human control, often embedded in robotic system, safety-critical, increasingly being introduced into everyday settings. need robust development verification methods, but formal m...

In the context of observations that students lack mastery of elementary reading comprehension in Malayalam even by the end of 5-7 years of formal schooling, this study applies multiple regression analysis for reading comprehension. Longitudinal survey data from a representative sample of 159 lower primary students from grade 2 to 4 revealed Reading Comprehension as significantly and positively ...

Two experiments investigated the development and pathology of inhibitory control in children. Inhibitory control was investigated with the stop-signal paradigm, which is based on a formal theory of inhibition and directly measures the mechanism of inhibition. The ability to inhibit developed little after Grade 2, but subjects with attention deficit disorder with hyperactivity (ADDH) showed defi...

In this paper, by means of an extensive review of the literature, we discuss the development of a framework for analysing the opportunities, both implicit and explicit, that grade one students receive for acquiring those number-related understandings necessary for later mathematical achievement but which do not occur without formal instruction. The framework, which we have called foundational n...

Empirical studies on formal methods and tools are rare. In this paper, we provide guidelines for such studies. We mention their main ingredients then define nine different study strategies (usability testing, laboratory experiments with software human subjects, case studies, qualitative surveys, judgement systematic literature reviews, mapping studies) discuss each of them crucial characteristi...

A large strand of literature within different social sciences of education deals with the effects of school size on student achievement. Much of the existing research seems to indicate that up to a point, small school size is associated with higher student achievement, with optimal school sizes of some 600-900 students. However, evidence is mostly confined to the United States. Using TIMSS data...