Many theoretical and empirical contributions to the Predictive Processing account emphasize the important role of precision modulation of prediction errors. Recently it has been proposed that the causal models used in human predictive processing are best formally modeled by categorical probability distributions. Crucially, such distributions assume a well-defined, discrete state space. In this ...

How tough is a given question-answering problem? Answers to this question differ greatly among different researchers and groups. To begin rectifying this, we start by giving a quick, simple, propaedeutic formalization of a question-answering problem class. This formalization is just a starting point and should let us answer, at least roughly, this question: What is the relative toughness of two...

Taking “ecological civilization” education as an example, this paper explores effective model of curriculum-embedded ideological and political foreign language majors in Chinese colleges universities based on the concept ecological interactive context ecolinguistic continuum. This comprehensively discusses effectiveness core values content processing methods for courses different contexts from ...

A formalization of Transmission Effectiveness in Wireless Networks is proposed, taking in account both multi-rate and power-control capabilities. Furthermore, these are the only assumptions made on the hardware. Formalization remains abstract from any particular hardware, MAC, routing protocol used. It is possible to use our formalization as a metric or efficiency measurements. Keywords— Effect...

A modular formalization of the branching time temporal logic CTL∗ is presented. Our formalization subsumes prior formalizations of propositional linear temporal logic (PTL) and computation tree logic (CTL). Moreover, the modularity allows to instantiate our formalization for different formal security models. Validity of axioms and soundness of inference rules in axiomatizations of PTL, UB, CTL,...

In Computer Science, conceptual modelling and formalization are the basis for developing automated systems, "intelligent" or not. It is often taken for granted that formalization is possible and desirable. In the Language/Action perspective, this assumption has been challenged. The Language/Action perspective promotes "communicative action", in the sense of Habermas, as the building block of in...

The Event-based Aspect-Oriented Programming model (EAOP) makes it possible to define pointcuts in terms of sequences of events emitted by the base program. The current formalization of the model relies on a monolithic entity, the monitor, which observes the execution of the base program and executes the actions associated to the matching pointcut. This model is not intrinsically sequential but ...

Commitments provide a basis for understanding interactions in multiagent systems. Successful interoperation relies upon the interacting parties being aligned with respect to their commitments. However, alignment is nontrivial in a distributed system where agents communicate asynchronously and make different observations. We propose a formalization for commitments that ensures alignment despite ...

Using a unique panel survey of enterprises, we examine the relationship between four categories formalization and firm productivity. We carry out one- two-step productivity estimations whose robustness check with matching doubly robust estimators. The only category that appears to be significantly associated is tax formalization, i.e. firm’s decision pay taxes. This positive association holds f...

We present a machine-checked formalization of elementary abstract algebra in constructive set theory. Our formalization uses an approach where we start by specifying the group axioms as a collection of inference rules, defining a logic for groups. Then we can tell whether a given set with a binary operation is a group or not, and derive all properties of groups constructively from these inferen...