The article deals with the problem of dualism means challenging defective shareholder resolutions in a limited liability company. overall objective is to compare legal effects action declare invalidity resolution for its revoking. Therefore, it needed look deeper into defectiveness act regulations. main conclusion discussion that our domestic regulations (Art. 249 and 252 Polish Commercial Comp...

Several empirical findings have challenged the traditional view on the trade-off between risk and incentives. By combining risk aversion and limited liability in a standard principal-agent model the empirical puzzle on the positive relationship between risk and incentives can be explained. Increasing risk leads to a less informative performance signal. Under limited liability, the principal may...

The problem of designing tournament contracts under limited liability and alternative performance measures is considered. Under risk neutrality, only the best performing agent receives an extra premium if the liability constraint becomes binding. Under risk aversion, more than one prize is awarded. In both situations, performance measures can be ranked if their likelihood ratio distribution fun...

We quantify the cost of limited liability rules in a traditional model of investment financing under moral hazard and risk aversion. Under limited liability, we show that external debt and the granting of absolute priority to debtholders are key (but not the unique) ingredients of the optimal financing package. Removing liability limits makes possible a superior contract that punishes the entre...

This paper studies a relational contracting model in which the agent is protected by a limited liability constraint. The agent’s effort is his private information and affects the output stochastically. We characterize the optimal relational contract and compare the dynamics of the relationship with that under the optimal long-term contract. Under the optimal relational contract, the relationshi...

In the presence of cost uncertainty, limited liability introduces the possibility of default in procurement with its associated bankruptcy costs. When …nancial soundness is not perfectly observable, we show that incentive compatibility implies that …nancially less sound contractors are selected with higher probability in any feasible mechanism. Informational rents are associated with unsound …n...

This paper provides a new explanation for the relationship between firm scope, agent's effort and corporate risk. I set up a moral hazard in teams model with multiple agents and departments under the assumption that both the principal and the agents are protected by limited liability. Each agent exerts effort to reduce the probability of loss of his department. The two-sided limited liability a...

We consider a repeated moral hazard problem, where both the principal and the wealth-constrained agent are risk-neutral. In each of two periods, the principal can make an investment and the agent can exert unobservable effort, leading to success or failure. Incentives in the second period act as carrot and stick for the first period, so that effort is higher after a success than after a failure...

We examine the e¤ect of an imperfect audit and a subsequent appeals process in a standard adverse selection problem when legal or institutional restrictions impose an upper bound on penalties. We show that the imperfect audit always reduces the agent’s information rent and enhances e¢ ciency despite the limited liability. A subsequent appeals process, which allows the agent to challenge an unfa...