In this paper, dynamic aspects of railway infrastructure operation and maintenance costs in Sweden are explored. Econometric cost functions are estimated to check the robustness of previous marginal cost estimates by introducing lags and leads of both dependent and independent variables. We find support for a forward-looking behaviour within the Swedish National Rail Administration (Banverket) ...

rapid growth of e-commerce has made the competition quite different. in this new environment customers have wide choices and are looking forward to the support which guarantees the delivery of what they have chosen. this leads to complexity in the relationship between the provider and the customer which obviously is made more in a b2b environment. service level agreement (sla) is a key tool to ...