Neuroscientists have traditionally relied on physiological and anatomical studies on experimental animals and clinicopathological studies on patients with localized brain damages to reveal the brain mechanisms of mental functions. Modern imaging techniques, however, permit us to observe non-invasively the neural activity of normal human brain. Among noninvasive measurement techniques, functiona...

Functional magnetic resonance imaging (FMRI) can provide detailed images of human brain that reflect localized changes in cerebral blood flow and oxygenation induced by sensory, motor, or cognitive tasks. This review presents methods for gradient-recalled echo-planar functional magnetic resonance imaging (FMRI). Also included is a discussion of the hypothesized basis of FMRI, imaging hardware, ...

Functional near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) are non-invasive methods for acquiring hemodynamic signals from the brain with the primary benefit of anatomical specificity of signals. Recently, there has been a surge of studies with NIRS and fMRI for the implementation of a brain-computer interface (BCI), for the acquisition, decoding and regulatio...

basic physical principles of nuclear magnetic resonance imaging (n.m.r.i), a nonionizing medical imaging technique, are described. principles of nmri with other conventional imaging methods, ie, isotope scanning, ultrasonography and radiography have been compared. t1 and t2 and spin density (s.d.) factors and different image construction techniques based on their different combinations is discu...

Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) is a methodology for detecting dynamic patterns of activity in the working human brain. Although the initial discoveries that led to fMRI are only about 20 years old, this new field has revolutionized the study of brain function. The ability to detect changes in brain activity has a biophysical basis in the magnetic properties of deoxyhemoglobin, and...

Purpose Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) is the tool of choice for mapping brain function. Unfortunately, the blood oxygenation level dependent (BOLD) contrast is essentially a vascular effect and hence only an indirect measure of neural activity. Accordingly, BOLD is found to reflect synaptic, more than spiking, activity and it is potentially independent on energy requirements [1]....

Using multimodal neuroimaging data to characterize brain network is currently an advanced technique for Alzheimer’s disease(AD) Analysis. Over recent years the community has made tremendous progress in study of resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs-fMRI) derived from blood-oxygen-level-dependent (BOLD) signals and Diffusion Tensor Imaging (DTI) white matter fiber tractography....

Over the last 20 years, the impact of imaging on the clinical sciences has been immense. Tremendous progress has been made in medical imaging of the human body since the invention of computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Neuroimaging of patients with metal neurotoxicity can be divided into two types: morphological neuroimaging (anatomy-based imaging) including CT and MR...

Although the spatial organization of visual areas can be revealed by functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI), the synoptic, non-invasive access to the temporal characteristics of the information flow amongst distributed visual processes remains a technical and methodological challenge. Using frequency-encoded steady-state visual stimulation together with a combination of time-resolved func...

Meditation has several health benefits and is also used as a complementary treatment for various ailments. Neuroimaging studies have shed light on the effects of meditation, especially brain. Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging, powerful non-invasive imaging technique in this study to determine functional connectivity meditator’s In study, long-term Rajayoga practice were considered where dif...