نتایج جستجو برای: gad1
تعداد نتایج: 557 فیلتر نتایج به سال:
The development of GABAergic inhibitory circuits is shaped by neural activity, but the underlying mechanisms are unclear. Here, we demonstrate a novel function of GABA in regulating GABAergic innervation in the adolescent brain, when GABA is mainly known as an inhibitory transmitter. Conditional knockdown of the rate-limiting synthetic enzyme GAD67 in basket interneurons in adolescent visual co...
Mammalian horizontal cells are believed to be GABAergic because, in most species, they contain both GABA and glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD), and their terminals are presynaptic to GABA receptors. In adult rabbit, however, GABA and GAD immunoreactivity have not been consistently demonstrated in horizontal cells, casting doubts on the assumption that they too are GABAergic. Here we demonstrate...
OBJECTIVE Autoantibodies to insulin and GAD are features of preclinical type 1 diabetes in children. For insulin autoantibodies, the antibody affinity and epitope specificity predict which children progress to diabetes. We asked whether autoantibodies to GAD (GADAs) are heterogeneous in affinity and epitope recognition and whether diabetes-related GADA are restricted to high-affinity responses....
Type 1 diabetes is thought to be an autoimmune condition in which self-reactive T cells attack insulin-secreting pancreatic β-cells. As a proinflammatory cytokine produced by β-cells or macrophages, interleukin-1β (IL-1β) represents a potential therapeutic target in diabetes. We reasoned IL-1β blockade could be combined with islet antigen-specific approaches involving GAD of 65 kDa (GAD65)-expr...
The Environmental Determinants of Diabetes in the Young (TEDDY) study prospectively follows 8,677 children enrolled from birth who carry HLA-susceptibility genotypes for development of islet autoantibodies (IA) and type 1 diabetes (T1D). During the median follow-up time of 57 months, 350 children developed at least one persistent IA (GAD antibody, IA-2A, or micro insulin autoantibodies) and 84 ...
OBJECTIVE To investigate whether the risk for autoimmune diabetes in adults differs between socioeconomic groups and to compare such risk with that for type 2 diabetes. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS The inhabitants of the Norwegian county of Nord-Trøndelag were investigated by questionnaires and clinical examinations on three occasions during 1984-2008. We used information from a subset consist...
Neuropsychological CERAD data from 960 patients with Alzheimer's disease and 465 controls were subjected to separate yet identical classification procedures. Consistent with past research, three patient subgroups were reliably identified: Subgroup 1 (LAD; n = 312) was characterized by severe naming impairment yet borderline-normal figure-copying skills; Subgroup 2 (RAD; n = 247) displayed avera...
Although glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) has been implicated in IDDM, there is no direct evidence showing GAD-reactive T cells are diabetogenic in vivo. To address this issue, 3-wk-old NOD mice received two injections of purified rat brain GAD; one mouse rapidly developed diabetes 3 wk later. Splenocytes from this mouse showed a proliferative response to purified GAD, and were used to generat...
Serotonergic 5-HT1A and 5-HT2A receptors are abundantly expressed in prefrontal cortex (PFC) and are targets of atypical antipsychotic drugs. They mediate, respectively, inhibitory and excitatory actions of 5-HT. The transcripts for both receptors are largely (approximately 80%) colocalized in rat and mouse PFC, yet their quantitative distribution in pyramidal and GABAergic interneurons is unkn...
Insulin immunization in animal models induces T-helper (Th) 2-like antibody subclass responses to insulin and other beta-cell antigens. The aim of this study was to determine whether exposure to insulin in humans resulted in a similar subclass bias of the humoral immune response. Levels of IgG subclass antibodies to insulin (IAs), GAD, and IA-2 were measured before and after treatment with insu...
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