The annual reproductive cycles of the Japanese sipunculans Siphonosoma cumanense (Keferstein) and Phascolosoma scolops (Selenka, de Man & Biilow) were studied based on size, density, and frequency distribution of gametes from May 1989 to November 1990 and October 1989 to February 1991, respectively. Aliquots from the total volume of the diluted coelomic fluid from each individual were analyzed....

The significance of sexual selection, the component of natural selection associated with variation in mating success, is well established for the evolution of animals and plants, but not for the evolution of fungi. Even though fungi do not have separate sexes, most filamentous fungi mate in a hermaphroditic fashion, with distinct sex roles, that is, investment in large gametes (female role) and...

Life cycle assessment (LCA) and life costing (LCC) are innovative tools based on an approach allowing to investigate the environmental economic burdens of a product or service throughout its lifecycle. Although usually carried out individually, their integration in comprehensive analysis could provide substantial asset every kind decision-making procedures. In this study, sustainability newly d...

Buildings are accountable for much of the resource consumption and CO2 emissions generated from human activities. Nonetheless, focus building life cycle assessment (LCA) studies to evaluate environmental footprint more commonly adopted in an attributional approach. Nevertheless, understanding a direct indirect consequences larger system using consequential approach is also needed policy-making....

The purpose of this study was to apply new methods econometric models the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) physical assets, by integrating investments such as maintenance, technology, sustainability, and technological upgrades, propose a means evaluate Investment (LCI), with emphasis on sustainability. Sustainability is recurrent theme existing studies will be concern in coming decades. As result, e...

Unlike animals, which produce single-celled gametes directly from meiotic products, plants have generations which alternate between the diploid sporophyte and haploid gametophyte (Figure 1A). The diploid sporophytic generation develops from the zygote, the fusion product of haploid gametes. Sporophytic cells undergo meiosis to produce haploid spores, which divide mitotically to form the multice...