This study is a continuation of an earlier study that examined hospitalization rates for ambulatory care sensitive (ACS) conditions, as a proxy for quality of care, and found evidence of a racial disparity among African American and White Medicare beneficiaries. The current study sought to determine whether neighborhood socioeconomic status (SES) explained this disparity. Differences in rates o...

The objective of this study was to assess differential item functioning (DIF) for passage-based reading testlets across two gender groups using five procedures and then to compare the results across the procedures. The five procedures were: (1) polytomous logistic regression (PLR; Zumbo, 1999), (2) graded response model (GRM; Samejima, 1969, 1997), (3) Mantel-Haenszel (MH; Zwick, Donoghue, & Gr...

Recently, two new indicators (Equalized Mean-based Normalized Proportion Cited, EMNPC, the Mean-based Normalized Proportion Cited, MNPC) were proposed which are intended for sparse data. We propose a third indicator (Mantel-Haenszel quotient, MHq) belonging to the same indicator family. The MHq is based on the MH analysis – an established method for polling the data from multiple 2×2 contingenc...

OBJECTIVE To assess misoprostol's ability to prevent postpartum hemorrhage (PPH) where no alternatives exist. Comparison to oxytocics demonstrates how similarly misoprostol achieves a level of effectiveness-obtainable only in hospitals-in remote locations around the world. METHOD Using the Mantel-Haenszel fixed-effects model and the DerSirmonian and Laird random-effects model, summary statist...

SUMMARY. Combination of {independent or dependent} tests for several multivariate hypotheses against restricted alternatives is considered. This includes a broad review of the classical Fisher method based on the observed significance levels (with necessary modifications). a variant form of the step-down procedure. a more plausible version of the Roy union-intersection principle and an extensio...

Stool samples from 880 residents in an urban slum in Dhaka, Bangladesh, were collected on 3 occasions over one year, and examined for intestinal parasites. Information on many potential risk factors for infection was obtained by questionnaire from a respondent in each household studied. In a crude univariate analysis of the data, several of the factors were found to be significantly associated ...

Many studies have shown that sialyl Lewis X (sLe(X)) is related to cancer prognosis and clinicopathology, but failed to provide conclusive results. We conducted the present meta-analysis to identify the association between sLe(X) overexpression and cancer prognosis. We searched studies in PubMed and Embase databases. Relative risk or hazard ratio with 95% confidence intervals were estimated wit...

The informational odds ratio (IOR) measures the post-exposure odds divided by the pre-exposure odds (i.e., information gained after knowing exposure status). A desirable property of an adjusted ratio estimate is collapsibility, wherein the combined crude ratio will not change after adjusting for a variable that is not a confounder. Adjusted traditional odds ratios (TORs) are not collapsible. In...

We present nine methods to compute an adjusted relative risk (RR). These methods evolved over the past 25 years (1985–2010) via SAS/STAT® procedures: FREQ, GENMOD, LOGISTIC, and PHREG. We also compare the strengths and limitations of these methods, using an observational cohort study for illustration. INTRODUCTION The relative risk (RR) is a common measure of the effect of treatment or exposure...