The Indian caste system is a complex social structure wherein social roles like one's profession became 'hereditary,' resulting in restricted social mobility and fixed status hierarchies. Furthermore, we argue that the inherent property of caste heightens group identification with one's caste. Highly identified group members would protect the identity of the group in situations when group norms...

OBJECTIVE Socioeconomic status is one of the most robust social factors associated with health, but the dynamics of how socioeconomic status over time affects children's health remains unclear. This study tested how various models of childhood socioeconomic status (accumulation, change, variability, and critical periods of family income) would predict health outcomes at a final time point in ch...

   Transmission era from tradition to modernity has been accompanied by cultural, economic, social and political changes. Rapid Social and Cultural changes of recent decades in developing countries, including Iran, have affected the Social and Cultural Values of Parents and children and have caused what is named as “Generation Gap”. The purpose of this paper is to designate the relationship bet...

This paper analyzes the extent to which ethnic skill differentials are transmitted across generations. I assume that ethnicity acts as an externality in the human capital accumulation process. The skills of the next generation depend on parental inputs and on the quality of the ethnic environment in which parents make their investments, or "ethnic capital." The empirical evidence reveals that t...

The argument that 'indirect selection' is a contributory factor to health inequality has included ideas about personal characteristics that may originate in childhood and increase the likelihood of both poor health and disadvantaged social position in adulthood. The concept of protective resilience makes a similar but converse argument: that positive characteristics acquired at one phase of lif...

This paper examines entrepreneurship in order to analyze, first, the degree to which the opportunity to start or own a business affects the household’s saving behavior and the implication of this behavior for the distribution of wealth and, second, the relationship between the extent of entrepreneurship in the economy and socioeconomic mobility, that is, the movement of families across wealth c...

Children from low-income families are more likely than other children to have serious health problems. And, as Anne Case and Christina Paxson show, childhood health problems can prevent poor children from achieving economic success as adults. Income-related disparities in childhood health are evident at birth or even before, and the disparities grow more pronounced as children grow older. Not o...

A Farewell to Alms: A Brief Economic History of the World, argued controversially that in pre-industrial England the rich replaced the poor demographically, and that this helps explain why England became more “bourgeois” in these years: less violent, thriftier, more literate, more numerate. Here evidence from a different source, surnames, confirms the takeover of English society by the economic...

The focus of this paper is to examine the status of girls’ higher education in the era of globalization. Education is reasonably a good indication of development and the right of every individual to education is one of the first provisions of UDHR. Higher education has gained significant priority in independent India since it was perceived as a promoter of economic growth, technological develop...

Using rare surnames to track the descendants of two formerly elite groups in Japan – the Samurai, and the Kazoku of 1869-1946 – we estimate social mobility rates in Japan 1900-2012. We would expect that the dramatic social changes of Meiji Japan 1868-1946, and postwar Japan 1946-2012, would create substantial social mobility. However, we find high rates of persistence of the descendants of the ...