Background & Aims: Forward head posture deformity is a disorder in head weight balance condition leading to some alterations in cervical muscles, strength. This research aimed to determine the strength of deep and superficial cervical flexor muscles in female students with forward head posture compared to the normal group. Methods: From the total of 724 female students in Shahid Bahonar Univers...

Polydactyly is the congenital presence of one or more extra digits. The extra digit often does not contain a full complement of bones. Unilateral syndactyly and polydactyl mixed-breed dog was used as a case study. A three-month old unvaccinated intact female mixed breed dog weighing 8 kg, presented with a deformity of the left forepaw was used for this study. The deformity had been present sinc...

Noonan syndrome (NS) is a common, predominantly inherited condition characterized by distinctive facial features, short stature, chest deformity, heart disease, and often other disease manifestations. Approximately 61% of NS cases can be explained by changes in the genetic make-up, the reason behind the remaining 39% is mostly unknown. Thus, NS frequently remains a clinical diagnosis. Because o...

A 21-yr old lady presented with primary amenorrhea and short stature for evaluation. She had a wide carrying angle (Cubitus valgus) and a typical deformity at the wrist joint (Fig. 1) which was evaluated. There were no other dysmorphic features. She was found to have high serum FSH and low serum estradiol with streak gonads on ultrasound. Karyotype was 45 XO. She was diagnosed to have Turner’s ...

Congenital talipes equinovarus (CTEV) is a common and challenging musculoskeletal deformity. The prevalence in a recent, prospective national survey is 0.89 per thousand live births1 although rates of 1.242 or greater3 have been reported in the UK. Thus in a district general hospital with a catchment population of 500 000 up to ten babies with CTEV will present annually. Increasingly, the prese...

capsular contraction is a frequent complication following breast augmentation. on the other hand, capsular weakness, a not widely recognized complication, may occur around the implant. a weak capsule allows the migration of the prosthesis to the lateral region of the thoracic region or inferiorly, towards the abdomen, due to gravitational forces. the cause of capsular weakness remains unresolve...

www.aafp.org/afp AMERICAN FAMILY PHYSICIAN 461 diagnosis. Table 2 includes important aspects to obtain when evaluating a child with a lower extremity problem. Physical examination should include assessment of height and weight. Normal size for age makes pathologic conditions (e.g., hypophosphatemic rickets, metabolic bone disease) unlikely. The spine should be examined for scoliosis, hairy P ar...

Background A physician global assessment (DOCGL) distinguishes active from control treatments in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) effectively clinical trials. However, RA trials select for patients who have high inflammatory activity, generally only 5-30% of all patients. In routine care, DOCGL, and measures indices, may be elevated not by activity but also joint damage and/or patient distress, compli...