This vignette describes gdistance, an R package which provides functionality to calculate various distance measures and routes in heterogeneous geographic spaces represented as grids. Distances are fundamental to geospatial analysis (Tobler 1970). The most commonly used geographic distance measure is the great-circle distance, which represents the shortest line between two points, taking into a...

Offshore software development projects provoke new issues to the collaborative endeavor of software development due to their global distribution and involvement of various people, processes, and tools. These problems relate to the geographical distance and the associated time-zone differences; cultural, organizational, and process issues; as well as language problems. However, existing tool sup...

a place-name or a toponym is a word used to indicate, denote or identify a geographic locality. place-names are formed in the course of history of a region and are affected by various linguistic, social, political and cultural events. toponymy is the taxonomic study of place-names, based on etymological, historical and geographical information. this paper first defines toponym and topnymy and i...

Genetic relationships between 35 clinical isolates of coxsackievirus A9 (CAV9), collected during the last five decades from different geographical regions, were investigated by partial sequencing. Analysis of a 150 nucleotide sequence at the VP1/2A junction region identified 12 CAV9 genotypes. While most of the strains within each genotype showed geographical clustering, the analysis also provi...

OBJECTIVE This study aimed to determine the differences in terms of demographic characteristics and preferred stroke prevention strategies for patients with non-valvular atrial fibrillation living in seven geographical regions of Turkey. METHODS In total, 6273 patients were enrolled to this prospective, observational RAMSES study. The patients were divided into seven groups based on the geogr...

UNLABELLED Chronic hepatitis C (CHC) is the second cause of endstage liver disease in our country and one of the main indications of liver transplantation. Hepatitis C virus (HCV) genotype is the principal prognostic factor and the determinant of the therapeutic scheme. In our country few data exist regarding the prevalence of HCV infection and genotype distribution in the Mexican Republic has ...

This paper focuses on private sources of knowledge specifically customers and competitors as sources of innovative activity. Our main argument is that the two sources are correlated even after controlling for several factors at the level of technology, individual and organization. What is more, we show that the geographical distance of these sources modifies the intensity of this correlation, i...

This empirical study focuses on the impact of an information technology (IT), specifically electronic mail (e-mail), on three basic organization components: structure, people, and tasks. An Organizational Interaction Diamond (OID) model is developed illustrating how each component enables changes in other components interacting with the organization’s internal and external environments. The org...