Background: Germ cell development processes are influenced by soluble factors and intercellular signaling events between them and the neighboring somatic cells. More insight into the molecular biology of the germ cell development from embryonic stem (ES) cells and investigation of appropriate factors, specifically those targeting differentiation process, is of great importance. In this study, w...

retroperitoneal lymph node biopsy which revealed no evidence of malignancy, but detected 4–5 mm tumor necrosis foci in some areas. The patient followed by three cycles of chemotherapy with bleomycin, etoposide, and cisplatin protocol. Follow-up CT after chemotherapy revealed that the para-aortic lymphadenopathies had decreased in size to 3.4 cm × 2 cm × 1.6 cm. The patient then underwent a retr...

................................................................................................................................. 8 INTRODUCTION....................................................................................................................... 10 REVIEW OF LITERATURE..................................................................................................... 13 APOPT...

The rare 'burned out' phenomenon in germ cell tumors is known as the presence of an extragonadal germ cell tumor without traces of neoplasm in the testis. This condition is different and less common from the primary extragonadal germ cell malignancies. These malignancies are treated surgically with or without adjuvant chemotherapy or radiotherapy and their prognosis is better than that of other...

A 58-year-old man developed subacute gait instability, oscillopsia, and vertigo. Examination showed ataxia periodic alternating nystagmus (PAN) (video). MRI revealed T2 hyperintensities in the left cerebellum nodulus (figure). CSF was inflammatory. Autoantibody evaluation positive for Kelch-like protein 11 (KLHL11) serum by tissue-based immunofluorescence assay cell-based assay, prompting ident...

some cases of male infertility are due to the destructive side-effects of anticancer treatment methods such as chemo and radiotherapies on germ cell lines. the increase in the survival rate of cancer patients who undergo treatment, especially children, has drawn attention to fertility preservation. the most common and effective technique in preserving male fertility is sperm freezing and its su...