The mechanism of the liberation reaction of the N-oxide group has been studied and compared with the methylation reaction using a semi-empirical molecular orbital PM3 method. By comparing the calculated values of Gibbs free energy of activation, we can determine whether a liberation reaction or methylation reaction occurs.

This supplement to ‘Electrowetting with Electrolytes’ gives the derivation of two general equations applicable to electrowetting with an interface between two immiscible electrolytic solutions (ITIES). The first section provides a derivation of the functional to determine the Gibbs free energy, G. This result is expressed in terms of the potential and ionic-concentration distributions for dropl...

Recent work has sought to extract the asymmetry energy at very low density from observables in heavyion collisions. The logic employed starts from the assumption that the fragment yields are determined by a minimization of the Helmholtz free energy. As volume is in reality unconstrained, nor can a single freeze-out volume be expected, the physical relevance of the Helmholtz free energy must be ...

The thermodynamic properties of calcium–magnesium alloys were determined by electromotive force (emf) measurements using a Ca(in Bi)|CaF2|Ca(in Mg) cell over the temperature range 713–1048 K. The activity and partial molar Gibbs free energy of calcium in magnesium were calculated for nine Ca–Mg alloys, calcium mole fractions varying from xCa = 0.01 to 0.80. Thermodynamic properties of magnesium...

We develop a resummed high-temperature expansion for lattice spin systems with long range interactions, in models where the free energy is not, in general, analytic. We establish uniqueness of the Gibbs state and exponential decay of the correlation functions. Then, we apply this expansion to the Perron-Frobenius operator of weakly coupled map lattices.