In this paper we present a Gentzen system for reasoning with contrary-to-duty obligations. The intuition behind the system is that a contrary-to-duty is a special kind of normative exception. The logical machinery to formalise this idea is taken from substructural logics and it is based on the definition of a new non-classical connective capturing the notion of reparational obligation. Then the...

According to the United Nations’ World Tourism Organization, there were an estimated 880 million international travelers in 2009, or roughly 13% of the world’s population [1,2]. While tobacco remains one of the world’s leading causes of preventable disease and death, prompting numerous governments around the world to implement policies to protect the public’s health, many international airports...

Abstract This article challenges the orthodox view of international law, according to which states have no legal duty cooperate. It argues for this in context COVID-19, based on ethical principles solidarity, stewardship, and subsidiarity. More specifically, that a cooperate during pandemic (as solidarity requires); while entails an extraterritorial responsibility care assist other nations stew...

To reduce the energy cost of wireless sensor networks (WSNs), the duty cycle (i.e., periodic wake-up and sleep) concept has been used in several medium access control (MAC) protocols. Although these protocols are energy efficient, they are primarily designed for low-traffic environments and therefore sacrifice delay in order to maximize energy conservation. However, many applications having bot...

Wireless sensor networks demand energy efficient and application specific medium access control protocol when deployed in critical areas which are not frequently accessible. In such areas, the residual energy of nodes also become important along with the efficient data delivery. Many techniques using adaptive duty cycle approach are suggested by researchers to improve the data delivery performa...

The process of delivery of health care is complex and includes aspects which concern the clinician, the patient and the treatment process itself. Training imparts skill and knowledge to the clinician. The outcome of any care should be subjected to audit to enable intraand inter-hospital comparisons to be made. Patient option and the level of satisfaction should be part of the overall assessment...

During nuclear export, Gle1 (the nuclear-pore-associated mRNA export factor) activates the DEAD-box protein Dbp5 to remodel exported mRNA-protein complexes on the cytoplasmic face of the nuclear pore complex. In this issue, Bolger et al. (2008) now report additional roles for Gle1 in translation initiation and termination.

We investigate under what conditions contrary-to-duty (CTD) structures lacking temporal and action elements can be given a coherent reading. We argue, contrary to some recent proposals, that CTD is not an instance of defeasible reasoning, and that methods of nonmonotonic logics are inadequate since they are unable to distinguish between defeasibility and violation of primary obligations. We pro...

This paper investigates the effect of the variation of duty ratio on the different performance parameters of the three non-isolated dc-dc converters namely buck, boost and buck-boost converter. Five important parameters dependent on the duty ratio have been identified namely output voltage, output current, effective impedance at the input, minimum inductance and minimum capacitance for continuo...

Separation of duty constraints define mutual exclusion relations between two entities (e.g. two permissions). Thus, a software component that supports the definition of separation of duty constraints implicitly requires a means to control their definition and to ensure the consistency of the resulting runtime structures. In this paper, we present our experiences with the implementation of confl...