Guess-and-determine attack is one of the general attacks on stream ciphers. It is a common cryptanalysis tool for evaluating security of stream ciphers. The effectiveness of this attack is based on the number of unknown bits which will be guessed by the attacker to break the cryptosystem. In this work, we present a relation between the minimum numbers of the guessed bits and uniquely restricted...

We describe a simple analog electronic circuit that mimics the behavior of a well-known synthetic gene oscillator, the repressilator, which represents a set of three genes repressing one another. Synchronization of a population of such units is thoroughly studied, with the aim to compare the role of global coupling with that of global forcing on the population. Our results show that coupling is...

Recent model calculations of the global mean radiative forcing from tropospheric ozone since preindustrial times fall in a relatively narrow range, from 0.3 to 0.5 W m . These calculations use preindustrial ozone elds that overestimate observations available from the turn of the nineteenth century. Although there may be calibration problems with the observations, uncertainties in model estimate...

Experiments were carried out on arrays of chaotic electrochemical oscillators to which global coupling, periodic forcing, and feedback were applied. The global coupling converts a very weakly coupled set of chaotic oscillators to a synchronized state with sufficiently large values of coupling strength; at intermediate values both intermittent and stable chaotic cluster states occur. Cluster for...

Spatial periodic forcing can entrain a pattern-forming system in the same way as temporal periodic forcing can entrain an oscillator. The forcing can lock the pattern's wave number to a fraction of the forcing wave number within tonguelike domains in the forcing parameter plane, it can increase the pattern's amplitude, and it can also create patterns below their onset. We derive these results u...

Zero forcing is an iterative graph coloring process where at each discrete time step, a colored vertex with a single uncolored neighbor forces that neighbor to become colored. The zero forcing number of a graph is the cardinality of the smallest set of initially colored vertices which forces the entire graph to eventually become colored. Connected forcing is a variant of zero forcing in which t...

Many atmospheric constituents besides carbon dioxide (CO(2)) contribute to global warming, and it is common to compare their influence on climate in terms of radiative forcing, which measures their impact on the planetary energy budget. A number of recent studies have shown that many radiatively active constituents also have important impacts on the physiological functioning of ecosystems, and ...