the geometry of a collector is one of the important factors that can increase the incident radiation on the collector surface. in the present study, the incident radiation for a stationary collector with cone geometry, i.e. a conical collector, is theoretically and experimentally investigated. this type of collector is always stable and does not need a fixture to install. moreover, it has a sym...

Renewable systems influence the process of supplying domestic electricity demands. It will be useful to replace the conventional energy generation system by renewable energy sources since the uncontrolled use of fossil fuels is accompanied by global warming and environmental hazards, in addition to the danger of their depletion, and because most of the energy derived from these fuels are used i...

The aim of this work is to obtain an empirical simple equation to estimate the global horizontal solar radiation (GHSR) as a function of the latitude only. Therefore three empirical models proposed to estimate the GHSR using 17 different locations across Iraq. The models formulated as: Quadratic, 2nd Fourier and 2nd Gaussian expression. The simply input feature beside a fine predictive ability ...

The global monitoring network of ground-based ozone measurements consists mainly of Dobson and Brewer spectrophotometers. These instruments provide total ozone column amounts derived from measurements of direct solar UV radiation. Analysis of total ozone measurements from the global monitoring network shows a nearly linear downward trend from 1980 to mid 1990s. Data after mid 1990s indicate tha...

Tropospheric aerosols affect the radiative forcing of Earth's climate, but their variable concentrations complicate an understanding of their global influence. Model-based estimates of aerosol distributions helped reveal spatial patterns indicative of the presence of tropospheric aerosols in the satellite-observed clear-sky solar radiation budget over the world's oceans. The results show that, ...

[1] Global climate models used in the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Fourth Assessment Report (AR4) are examined for the top-of-atmosphere radiation changes as carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases build up from 1950 to 2100. There is an increase in net radiation absorbed, but not in ways commonly assumed. While there is a large increase in the greenhouse effect from incre...

Images from the GOES 8 satellite were used along with auxiliary information such as snow cover to produce an hourly solar radiation database on a 0.1° grid for the Pacific Northwest from 1998 through 2002[1]. Both global and beam irradiance values were derived from the satellite images and diffuse values were calculated from the beam and global values. Data from the University of Oregon Solar R...

High solar radiation along with extreme transparency leads to high penetration of solar radiation in the Red Sea, potentially harmful to biota inhabiting the upper water column, including zooplankton. Here we show, based on experimental assessments of solar radiation dose-mortality curves on eight common taxa, the mortality of zooplankton in the oligotrophic waters of the Red Sea to increase st...

Renewable energies are increasingly seen as the best solution to a growing global population demanding affordable access to electricity while reducing the need for fossil fuels. Country of Iran has vast untapped solar, wind, geothermal, and hydroelectric sources that hold the potential to meet domestic needs. Renewable energy is also essential to Iran as it will curb massive air pollution. In t...

[1] Increasing the albedo of urban surfaces has received attention as a strategy to mitigate urban heat islands. Here, the effects of globally installing white roofs are assessed using an urban canyon model coupled to a global climate model. Averaged over all urban areas, the annual mean heat island decreased by 33%. Urban daily maximum temperature decreased by 0.6 C and daily minimum temperatu...