Cross-linguistically, there are three grammatical devices to process the question mark j+Whi: the reduplication of certain elements in the predicate, Subject-Auxiliary Inversion, and the use of question particles. Also cross-linguistically, there are two devices for grammar to process the focus mark (+Focus]: the fronting of focused constituents and the insertion of a . Focus Marker such as the...

Children with language impairment (LI) show an overall immaturity in grammatical structure. This includes difficulties with basic sentence constituents, pronouns, verb form elaboration, negative and interrogative sentences, noun phrase elaboration, and complex sentences. This article describes explicit instruction and scaffolding strategies, based on a review of current research, that can be us...

Learnability of Pregroup Grammars p. 65 A Markovian Approach to the Induction of Regular String Distributions p. 77 Learning Node Selecting Tree Transducer from Completely Annotated Examples p. 91 Identifying Clusters from Positive Data p. 103 Introducing Domain and Typing Bias in Automata Inference p. 115 Analogical Equations in Sequences: Definition and Resolution p. 127 Representing Language...

For a document collection in which structural elements are identiied with markup, it is often necessary to construct a grammar retrospectively that constrains element nesting and ordering. This has been addressed by others as an application of grammatical inference. We describe an approach based on stochastic grammatical inference which scales more naturally to large data sets and produces mode...

Ross (1967) stated the well-known restriction that nothing may move out of a coordinate structure unless movement is Across-the-Board (ATB) (see also Williams (1978)). This restriction is generally referred to as the Coordinate Structure Constraint (CSC). (1a) is grammatical, because which car has moved from all coordinates, whereas (1b) is bad, because movement is from the first coordinate (C1...

This paper describes a Parallel Grammatical Evolution (PGE) that can evolve complete circuits using a variable length of linear genome to govern the mapping of a Backus Naur Form grammar definition. In order to increase the efficiency of Grammatical Evolution (GE) the influence of backward processing and an influence of several fitness functions were tested. PGE with backward processing can als...

Syntactic parsing is a necessary task which is required for NLP applications including machine translation. It is a challenging task to develop a qualitative parser for morphological rich and agglutinative languages. Syntactic analysis is used to understand the grammatical structure of a natural language sentence. It outputs all the grammatical information of each word and its constituent. Also...

We present a dependency-driven parser that parses both dependency structures and constituent structures. Constituency representations are automatically transformed into dependency representations with complex arc labels, which makes it possible to recover the constituent structure with both constituent labels and grammatical functions. We report a labeled attachment score close to 90% for depen...

In this paper, we propose a new framework for online handwritten mathematical expression recognition. In this approach, we consider handwritten mathematical expressions as the output of stroke generation processes based on a stochastic context-free grammar which generates handwritten expressions stochastically. We estimate the most likely expression candidate derived from the grammar, rather th...