economic sanctions appear to be a common feature of political interactions between states. economic sanctions have become increasingly important as alternative to military conflict since the last decade of twentieth century. this paper provides, through a gravity model, an estimation of the impact of economic sanctions on bilateral trade flows between iran and its major trading partners during ...

In the discussions of trading, unemployment and income distribution inequality, this question is raised by economists that in economic development of developing and developed countries, which policy is necessary in the first stage. Is trading liberalization the pre-requirement of transfer from a close economy to a relative open economy and is it necessary for the developed economy compared to o...

abstract the theory of international tax competition suggests that governments attempt to attract mobile capital bases by undercutting the foreign capital tax rate. an analysis of the role that state capacity plays in tax policymaking under international pressures is, however, missing. the central contribution of our study is to highlight the importance of the interaction between state capacity...

This paper investigates the impact of the US and China’s foreign aids to Africa on trade flows between donor and recipient countries. Evidence from the gravity model estimates reveals that the two donors’ exports are strengthened by their aids to African partners. Interestingly, China’s aid shows a positive effect on its total volume of trade and imports from Africa, while the aid from the US e...

With few exceptions, the empirical literature on foreign direct investment (FDI) continues to be gender-blind. This paper contributes to filling this gap by assessing the importance of gender inequality in education as a determinant of FDI. We estimate a standard gravity model on bilateral FDI flows which is augmented by educational variables, including different measures of gender inequality i...

Two hypothetical fields in an artificial space – the affinity and the gravity – form the basis for clustering and classification. The gravity can be used for a clustering method. The classifier has the task to classify new objects with the aid of the affinity. This paper describes the field model and its usage for the classification techniques.

In this paper, we address the question that does FDI alone affect economic growth or interaction of FDI and human capital is required to boost economic growth. We develop the model with an expanding variety of products. We estimate the model using some advanced tests utilizing data on FDI flows from developed countries. We find stronger complementary effects between FDI and human capital on the...

Until now, the value of inter-country trade within South Asian nations has been low. While similarities in the exports profiles can be seen as a reason for this low value of trade, it might not be a valid one, especially given the presence of growing South Asian income. The intraindustry trade theory suggests that complementarity might actually increase trade in the presence of a rising income....

In the last decade we have seen a significant change in the composition of capital flows to developed as well as to developing countries. In this paper we investigate empirically the links between the volatility of monetary macroeconomic aggregates, as a measure of country specific measure of relative risk, and the structure of external liabilities in developed and developing countries. We esti...

This paper proposes to reexamine the GATT/WTO membership effect on bilateral trade flows, using nonparametric methods including pair-matching, permutation tests, and a Rosenbaum (2002) sensitivity analysis. Taken together in a coherent manner, these methods provide an estimation framework that is robust to misspecification biases, allows general forms of heterogeneous treatment effects, and add...