In this paper we consider the classical problem of dividing a land among many agents so that everybody is satisfied with the parcel she receives. In the literature, it is usually assumed that all the agents are endowed with cardinally comparable, additive, and monotone utility functions. In many economic and political situations violations of these assumptions may arise. We show how a family of...

1. Definitions 1.1. Types of Aridity 1.2. Levels of Aridity 2. Paleoperspective 3. People and Land Use in Arid Lands 3.1. Foragers/Hunter–gatherers 3.2. Agriculturists 3.3. Pastoralists 4. Geomorphology of Arid and Semiarid Lands 5. Biological Diversity in Arid Lands 5.1. Arid and Semiarid Lands Plants and their Uses 5.2. The Future of the Conservation of Wild Plants in Arid Regions 6. Climatic...

We consider whether current notions about superstring theory below the Planck scale are compatible with cosmology. We find that the anticipated form for the dilaton interaction creates a serious roadblock for inflation and makes it unlikely that the universe ever reaches a state with zero cosmological constant and time-independent gravitational constant. Superstring theories have been extensive...

In his response to my recent editorial (Soule 2013), Kareiva (2014) seeks to “correct some misimpressions” while seeking common ground. I am grateful for Kareiva’s collegial response and his agreement that nature (biodiversity) must be protected and conserved for its own sake as well as for utilitarian reasons.1 Kareiva celebrates the achievements of his employer, The Nature Conservancy (TNC), ...

Soil health conceptualized as a measurable ecosystem property provides powerful tool for monitoring progress in restoration projects or implementation of best management practices to improve degraded lands and promote sustainable agroecosystems. We surveyed soils collected from range land uses (i.e., protected native non-native forest, managed pasture, unmanaged previously intensive agricultura...

Abstract This article analyses a conflict that erupted in 2021 between the government of Zimbabwe and people Chilonga south country over expropriation their ancestral for production lucerne grass. The resisted being displaced from land to which they are deeply attached have sacred connection. provides rare opportunity analyze often marginalized, muted misunderstood roots environmental shape col...

Fish farming methods that is suitable for the Iraqi marshes were classified in two main categories: water based and soil methods. In first category it was found floating net cages could be used rivers branches, while fixed shallowest bodies. It there a good opportunity to use Enclosures Pens. The natural grazing method applied wide area all over marsh, especially which enclosed by dams. second ...

Abstract Pastoral systems face increasing pressure from competing global markets, food sector industrialization, and new policies such as Europe’s post-2020 Common Agriculture Policy. This threatens the use of extensive sheep-grazing in mountain areas low productivity but high natural value. Using information gathered at a long-term research setting mountainous area Basque Country (northern Spa...

Agricultural development through settlement schemes on desert lands has always raised acute debates, especially over environmental issues due to cultivation based intensive additions of water and fertilizers. However, nutrient cycling approaches at the farm level are generally apparent N flows, i.e., purchased inputs sold products, without considering flows driven by mobile herds crossing arabl...