Two ground deformation modes, i.e., the arching mode and collapsing mode, may be caused by tunnel excavation. However, development of corresponding to two modes is unclear. A piece a model test facility designed study settlement induced Tunnel excavation realized decreasing area tunnel. tests with different soil cohesion are conducted, form in tests, respectively. The former observed at higher ...

This paper presents promising new technologies for soft ground improvement which include the low improvement ratio cement column method (LCC) and the lightweight banking method using foam mixed soil (LFS). As a measure to reduce settlement and lateral deformation due to road embankment loading on soft ground, the column type deep mixing method used at a low improvement ratio of around 10-20% th...

Differential (D) and persistent scatterer (PS) interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) (DInSAR and PSInSAR) techniques are arguably the most cost effective and efficient methods today for ground surface deformation monitoring since their invention in the last quarter of the twentieth century. They overcome the limitations of traditional methods of deformation monitoring with regards to...

Aims: Rectification of a slanted continuous concrete box-girder bridge is presented in this paper. Background: Several piers due to uneven ground settlement, inducing excessive width some expansion joints and oversize sliding displacement bearings. The settlement occured the unbalanced soil load on ground. Methods: In project, reverse loading was first applied produce opposite-direction deforma...

Both ecological and social factors play an important role in determining the structure of animal settlement patterns. While the ecological factors determining animal settlement are generally well known, the relative importance of social factors in mediating fine-scale settlement choices is poorly understood. As a result, we have little knowledge of why individuals choose to settle near specific...

Settlement size predicts extreme variation in the rates and magnitudes of many social and ecological processes in human societies. Yet, the factors that drive human settlement-size variation remain poorly understood. Size variation among economically integrated settlements tends to be heavy tailed such that the smallest settlements are extremely common and the largest settlements extremely larg...

This paper examines the use of sorting by defendants as a strategy for lowering their overall costs of litigation. The effectiveness of this strategy relies on the defendant’s ability to bundle settlement offers with some other variable that is valued differently by plaintiffs. The example I examine in this paper is settlement delay. For example, if plaintiffs have different time costs of pursu...

Abstract The Kretek 2 Bridge is one of the important infrastructures built on southern coast road Java. Referring to Map Indonesia Liquefaction Vulnerability Zone in 2019, was identified as a high liquefaction susceptibility zone. result potential analysis slab-on-pile section indicates that soil layer has liquefy if an earthquake occurs. Based Severity Index, severity index at BH-10, moderate ...