BACKGROUND AND AIMS Studies of local floral adaptation in response to geographically divergent pollinators are essential for understanding floral evolution. This study investigated local pollinator adaptation and variation in floral traits in the rewarding orchid Gymnadenia odoratissima, which spans a large altitudinal gradient and thus may depend on different pollinator guilds along this gradi...

Abstract Goose and swan populations have increased concurrently with environmental degradation of wetlands, such as eutrophication, vegetation losses, decrease in biodiversity. An important question is whether geese swans contribute to changes or if they instead benefit from them. We collected data 37 wetlands southern Sweden April − July 2021 study relationships between geese, other waterbird ...

We describe a unique institution used by 19 century Indian guilds to raise funds: The guild members agreed that on a particular day all but one of their shops would be shut. An auction would be held to determine which one shop would remain open, and the winning bid would go to the guild funds. We compare this “taxation by auction” mechanism with more conventional tax schemes and show that under...