Formations are often seen in nature, and bring many benefits for the group as a whole. They can allow a group to explore a large area more effectively, can ease movement of the group through the environment, and can increase group perceptual coverage and increase defensive capabilities, for example. The benefits of any particular formation vary and are obtained from the structure the formation ...

The number of bone marrow fibroblast colony formations decreases in most cases of acute leukemia before the initiation of chemotherapy. This study was undertaken to clarify the mechanism of suppression of fibroblast colony formation in leukemic patients. Titration of the number of bone marrow cells did not indicate a linear relationship between the number of bone marrow cells cultured and the n...

When we think of public space we often think of the agora in ancient Athens, or architecture of more recent origins like streets, churches, and schools. In other words, we think of the “bricks and boards” type of public space. But, in addition to architecture, we also know that media can function as public spaces. In the nineteenth century, media, such as novels and newspapers, were essential t...

To examine the development of pattern formation from the viewpoint of symmetry, we applied a two-dimensional discrete Walsh analysis to a one-dimensional cellular automata model under two types of regular initial conditions. The amount of symmetropy of cellular automata (CA) models under regular and random initial conditions corresponds to three Wolfram’s classes of CAs, identified as Classes I...

A method is described for reconstructing perspective-distorted film images of geese flying in V formations to allow measurements of wing tip spacing (WTS, the distance between wing tips of adjacent birds perpendicular to the flight path) and depth (the distance along the flight path between birds). Measurements for eight formations are used to test for savings in induced power from wing placeme...