The study of knowledge has always been one of the central issues of the AI research. The general belief has been that "the more you have it the better you are." It was well understood that incorrect knowledge is harmful and should be avoided, but correct knowledge had been mostly considered beneficial. The potential harmfulness of correct knowledge received attention in very few early works but...

Supernovae of Type Ia are used as standard candles for cosmological observations despite the as yet incomplete understanding of their explosion mechanism. In one model, these events are thought to result from subsonic burning in the core of an accreting Carbon/Oxygen white dwarf that is accelerated through flame wrinkling and flame instabilities. Many such white dwarfs have significant magnetic...

We investigate the interaction of thermonuclear flames in Type Ia supernova explosions with vortical flows by means of numerical simulations. In our study, we focus on small scales, where the flame propagation is no longer dominated by the turbulent cascade originating from large-scale effects. Here, the flame propagation proceeds in the cellular burning regime, resulting from a balance between...

∗This research was supported by funding from the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation. Iain Cockburn, Rebecca Eisenberg, Bronwyn Hall, Mark Lemley, Douglas Lichtman, Jean Lanjouw, David Mowery, Richard R. Nelson, Arti Rai, Mark Schankerman, Scott Stern, and Rosemarie Ziedonis provided helpful comments on an earlier draft of this paper. I also benefitted from feedback from participants at the 2004 NBE...

Currently, marine transportation in the world still uses fossil fuels. In addition to running low on supplies, fuels also cause emissions that global warming. Sea generates around 1,000 million tonnes of CO2 emissions. Therefore, exploration alternative energy is becoming a popular research direction. Several renewable sources include solar and wind energy. Indonesia has an average speed above ...