the cotton aphid, aphis gossypii glover is a major pest of greenhouse cucumber in the world. in this study, age specific functional response of aphidius matricariae haliday and praon volucre (haliday) were investigated on a. gossypii at 25±1°c, 60±5% rh and a photoperiod of 14 l: 10 d h. the results showed that the functional response of a. matricariae was type iii during 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th and...

Let A be the automorphism group of the unit interval with its usual order relation, and let B be the embedding of the multiplicative group of positive real numbers into A given by exponentiation. Strict t-norms are in one-to-one correspondence with the right cosets of B in A: Here, we identify the normalizer N of B in A and give explicit formulas for the corresponding set of t-norms.

A new approach to normalizing fuzzy sets is introduced where it is assumed that the normalization method is compatible with a given t-norm. In this context it is proved that the most usual ways to normalize fuzzy subsets correspond to the most common t-norms. For a given fuzzy subset μ, the corresponding normalized fuzzy subset μ̂ can be viewed as the distribution of μ conditioned on the (degree...

In knowledge representation, when we have to use logical connectives, various continuous t-norms and t-conorms are used. In this paper, we show that every continuous t-norm and t-conorm can be approximated, to an arbitrary degree of accuracy, by a strict Archimedean t-norm (t-conorm).

This paper deals with a kind of implications defined from t-norms, t-conorms and strong negations on a finite chain, through the expression I(x,y) = S(N(x),T (x,y)), and called QL-implications. We mainly study those QL-implications derived from smooth t-norms and t-conorms. It is characterized when functions defined in this way are implication functions, and their analytical expression is given...

We are interested in generalizations of the concepts of t-norm and t-conorm. In a companion chapter in this volume [14] we have presented a family of hypert-norms ∧q and a family of hyper-t-conorms ∨p. The prefix hyper is used to indicate multi-valued operations, also known as hyperoperations (see [5, 14]), i.e. operations which map pairs of elements to sets of elements. See [14] for the constr...