Infrared reflectance spectra of carefully selected Mars soil analog materials have been measured under low atmospheric pressures and temperatures. Chemically altered montmorillonites containing ferrihydrite and hydrated ferric sulfate complexes are examined, as well as synthetic ferrihydrite and a palagonitic soil from Haleakala, Maui. Reflectance spectra of these analog materials exhibit subtl...

The problem concerning the greenhouse effects of human activities has broadened in scope frbm the CO2-climate problem to the trace gas-climate problem. The climate ffects of non-CO 2 trace gases are strongly governed by interactions between chemistry, radiation, and dynamics. We discuss in delfiil the natuie of the trace gas radiative heating and describe the importance of radiative-chemical in...

A specimen from L~tngban, Sweden, was found to consist largely of sj6grenite in which segregation and ordering of the metal cations had occurred, yielding an intergrowth of regions of two main types with compositions probably of or near Mg2/3Fel/3(OH)2(COa)I/6(H~O)o.~ and Mg12/13Fel/~3(OH)2(CO3)~/~6(H~O)0.8. To a smaller extent segregation had proceeded further, giving regions probably approxim...

This paper examines elements of British tax policy and discusses their implications for the US, where several recent proposals would mirror aspects of the British system. These include reducing filing requirements under the individual income tax, indexing capital gains for inflation, cutting mortgage interest deductions, enacting a value added tax, and integrating the corporate and personal inc...

Previous work on the effect of taxes on foreign direct investment (FDI) focused primarily on capital income taxes. We investigate the proposition that other forms of taxation may also deter FDI. We use tax ratios, i.e., average effective tax rates, on consumption, labor and capital income for a panel of 25 OECD countries from 1975-2006. We find that increases in relative tax rates on capital in...

The interaction of methanol with a clean <I 10) ruthenium surface has been studied using temperature programmed desorption methods. Methanol dissociates upon adsorption at 300 K and yields Ha(g) and chemisorbed CO as the domiwt products. Randomization of evolved hydrogen was shown to occur during methanol adsorption and also upon subsequent thermal desorption using isotopically labeled methanol...

Isotopic labeling of RNA with 13C and 15N has become a routine procedure in structural studies by NMR spectroscopy. The methodology in this paper describes the random fractional deuteration of RNA using the obligate methylotropic bacterium, Methylophilus methylotrophus. This bacterium was grown using a non-deuterated carbon source in 52:48 D20/H20 and we have shown that all protons in the ribon...