INSURANCE Health is described as a state of complete physical, social, and mental wellbeing. In order to ensure that the population of a given nation remains at or achieves a good health status, health expenditures must be financed. Health care expenditures are the total amount of spending for personal health care, administration, research, construction, and other expenses that are directly rel...

This article describes the local government system established in the 2001 Devolution Plan and its evolution over the period 2002-07, with a focus on two essential public services, education and health. We believe that the devolution of service delivery functions, delegation of financial powers, decentralization of authority, and deconcentration of executive powers, can, together, lead to bette...

In vertebrate evolution, the brain exhibits both conserved and unique morphological features in each animal group. Thus, the molecular program of nervous system development is expected to have experienced various changes through evolution. In this review, we discuss recent data from the agnathan lamprey (jawless vertebrate) together with available information from amphioxus and speculate the se...

Emergency department has always been a problem for the health system in most countries (1). In Iran, organizing hospital emergency has been on the agenda since the start of the 10th government cabinet, as poor services and delays in attending to emergency patients had led to patient dissatisfaction and a major cause of complaint from hospital emergency departments(2). Furthermore, considering t...

Background: Nurses’ job satisfaction is a determining factor in providing high quality and safe care services and obtaining patient satisfaction. It seems that with the implementation of the Transformation Plan for the Iranian Health System and due to changes in various factors such as professional, individual, and organizational circumstances, nurses’ perceived organizational justi...

BACKGROUND Around one out of two mothers give births by cesarean section (CS) surgery in Iran and about half of this number is due to previous CS. Recently Health Sector Evolution (HSEP) program (started in April 2014) targets the high rate of CS in Iran. To assess the impact of the interventions, we emphasized that the First Birth Cesarean (FBC) proportion is one of the main indicators to asse...

Chronic non-communicable diseases cause substantial morbidity and mortality in both developed and developing countries. Current studies indicate an increasing burden of chronic diseases in the near future, especially in developing countries. Chronic diseases have received much less attention than infectious diseases in Iran’s health care system, which is a major cause for concern. Data on the d...

in recent years, the main focus of health sector reforms in iran is the family physician and referral system plan. fundamental changes in the goals and strategies, has increased the necessity of the need to reform the organizational structure. this study tries to review and summarize all cases about the organizational structure of iran and its challenges in primary health care system.this study...