The paper focuses on the operation of simple refrigeration cycles. With equipment given, there are, from a control and operational point of iew, five steady-state degrees of freedom; the compressor power, the heat transfer in the condenser, the heat transfer in the evaporator, the choke alve opening and the active charge in the cycle. Different designs for affecting the active charge, including...

A comprehensive investigation of the surfaces of copper through silicon vias Cu-TSVs and gold stud bumps is presented. These vias and stud bumps were bonded at room temperature using a nanobonding and interconnection equipment. The influence of heating on the bonded interface was also studied. In order to achieve an intimate contact between the Au-stud bumps and Cu-TSVs, the stud bumps were fla...

Model Predictive Control (MPC) based approaches have recently seen a significant increase in applications to the supervisory control of building heating, ventilation and air-conditioning (HVAC) systems, thanks to their ability to incorporate weather, occupancy, and utility price information in the optimization of heating/cooling strategy while satisfying the physical constraints of HVAC equipme...

The heat resistance of three strains of Dekkera/Brettanomyces (Dekkera anomala PYCC 5,153, Dekkera bruxellensis PYCC 4,801 and Dekkera/Brettanomyces 093) was evaluated at different temperatures between 32.5 and 55 degrees C. Thermal inactivation tests were performed in tartrate buffer solution (pH 4.0) and in wines. In the studies employing buffer as the heating menstruum, measurable thermal in...

Mechanical ventilation systems for controlling conditions in individual zones can move a constant or variable supply of conditioned air to handle all or some of the heating and cooling loads. They are classified as all-air, air-water, and all-water systems. All-air systems include single-duct, dual-duct and multizone. The systems can be designed to operate at Constant Air Volume (CAV) or Variab...

There is substantial evidence from preclinical data that the antitumor cytotoxicity of selected chemotherapeutic agents either alone or combined with radiation can be enhanced by appropriate heat exposure (40–44 °C) of cells or tumor tissues. Based upon these results the integration of hyperthermia as an additional treatment modality, given simultaneously with systemic chemotherapy or in combin...

Many industrial processes involve heating and cooling liquids: a quarter of the EU 2012 energy consumption came from industry and industry uses 73% of this energy on heating and cooling. We discuss mixed-integer nonlinear optimisation and its applications to energy efficiency. Our particular emphasis is on algorithms and solution techniques enabling optimisation for large-scale industrial netwo...

The past decade has witnessed an explosion of techniques used to pattern polymers on the nano (1-100 nm) and submicrometre (100-1,000 nm) scale, driven by the extensive versatility of polymers for diverse applications, such as molecular electronics, data storage, optoelectronics, displays, sacrificial templates and all forms of sensors. Conceptually, most of the patterning techniques, including...

The energy sector in Romania consists of three sub-sectors: electricity, natural gas and heat. Among these, the sub-sector of thermal energy is in the most precarious situation because it has been neglected for a long time. This sub-sector is particularly important both due to the amount of final heat consumption (of over 50% of final energy consumption), and to the fact that it has a direct ne...