INTRODUCTION Cicer arietinum is an important self-pollinated diploid crop 2n=2x=16 with genome sized approximately 931 Mbp (Arumuganathan and Earle 1991). India is the largest producer of chickpea, contributing with about 66% of the total global production, followed by Turkey, Pakistan and Mexico (Thangwana and Ogola 2012). It is a major source of protein (12.4-31.5%), energy, fiber, vitamins, ...

conclusions minimum biofilm eradication values of ciprofloxacin obtained in the study are close to the values of the minimal inhibition concentration (mic). results all tested strains formed a biofilm. a value of 1.0 μg/ml ciprofloxacin is mbe50 for the strains of both tested species. an mbe90 value of ciprofloxacin for isolates of p. vulgaris was 2 μg/ml and for p. mirabilis was 512 μg/ml. mat...

conclusions optimization of medium composition and synergistic antimicrobial activity on the cyanobacteria could lead to production of effective antimicrobials. results c. leptolyngbya had antimicrobial activity individually and in synergy with antibiotics against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. the highest activity of the chloroform extract was on gram positive strains and its effect...

The polyhedral inclusion body of the cotton bollworm nuclear polyhedrosis virus contains virions occluded in an orthogonal crystalline matrix. The virions appear as rods or, more frequently, as oval structures that form upon bending of the nucleocapsid within the viral membrane. The nucleocapsid consists at least of DNA surrounded by a capsid composed of subunits, possibly helically arranged. T...

Knowing how climate change affects the population dynamics of insect pests is critical for the future of integrated pest management. Rising winter temperatures from global warming can drive increases in outbreaks of some agricultural pests. In contrast, here we propose an alternative hypothesis that both extremely cold and warm winters can mismatch the timing between the eclosion of overwinteri...

China is the largest cotton-producer in the World with about 4.5 million tons of lint produced annually, which accounts for over 20% of the World’s total production (Xia et al. 2001). Damage from pests is one of the major limiting factors for cotton production in China, among which cotton bollworm (Helicoverpa armigera Hübner) is a key one (Fang et al. 1992). In the early 1990s, due to the dram...