With the increasing number of documents that are available in digital form, also the number of digital historical documents is increasing (Berkvens, 2001). It cannot be assumed that standard IR systems perform well on historical documents: historical texts differ from modern texts in three ways (Hüning, 1996; Van Der Horst and Marschall, 1989): (a) vocabularies have changed, (b) spelling has ch...

An understanding of the relative roles of historical and contemporary factors in structuring genetic variation is a fundamental, but understudied aspect of geographic variation. We examined geographic variation in microsatellite DNA allele frequencies in bull trout (Salvelinus confluentus, Salmonidae) to test hypotheses concerning the relative roles of postglacial dispersal (historical) and cur...

Understanding the historical change of agricultural landscape patterns is the basis for promoting the sustainable development of cultivated land, as well as appropriate decision-making. In order to analyze spatio-temporal changes of cultivated land in Sanjiang Plain, from 1985–2015, Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) and Operational Land Imager (OLI) were used to reconstruct satellite data of land us...

The number of business applications operated by enterprises to provide support for the business has increased over the last years. With increasing number of applications and connections between them, also the overall complexity of the application landscape has grown. A main task in managing an application landscape is maintaining quality levels. This article contributes a set of metrics for mea...

117 As Head points out, “the cultural heritage sector uses the classical geographical sense of landscapes as modified by human activity, with an emphasis on ancient monuments and historical buildings.” In other words, cultural landscape heritage is generally approached in terms of material or morphological artifacts that constitute culturally determined physical, and therefore visible, modifica...

“This landscape is offered to you by the local farmers.” In several places throughout the Netherlands and Belgium, billboards with such text can be found along the road. Perhaps the idea to promote farming in this way is new, but, for centuries, farmers, with their techniques and traditions, have strongly influenced the formation and nature of the surrounding landscapes. But what qualities do t...