The p7-integrin subunit can pair with two a-chains, a4 and aE, and is expressed mainly on lymphocytes. As an a4-heterodimer it binds to the mucosal addressin MAdCAM-1, thus acting as a mucosal homing receptor. As an aE-heterodimer it binds to E-cadherin and is mainly found on intestinal intraepithelial lymphocytes. Consequently, p7 is mostly expressed on lymphocytes of the mucosal immune system...

Several models have been proposed for visual homing in insects. These work well in small-scale environments but performance usually degrades significantly when the scale of the environment is increased. We address this problem by extending one such algorithm, the average landmark vector (ALV) model, by using a novel approach to waypoint selection during the construction of multi-leg routes for ...

Currently little is known about the mechanisms regulating the homing and the early engraftment of prenatally transplanted hematopoietic cells due to the lack of a relevant functional assay. In this study, we have defined a reproducible kinetic profile of the homing and the early engraftment events in a murine model of prenatal stem cell transplantation. Light density mononuclear cells (LDMCs) f...

Homing of peripheral stem cells is regulated by one of the most representative homing factors, stromal cell-derived factor 1 alpha (SDF-1α), which specifically binds to the plasma membrane receptor CXCR4 of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) in order to initiate the signaling pathways that lead to directional migration and homing of stem cells. This complex homing process and directional migration o...

Honeybee foragers frequently fly several kilometres to and from vital resources, and communicate those locations to their nest mates by a symbolic dance language. Research has shown that they achieve this feat by memorizing landmarks and the skyline panorama, using the sun and polarized skylight as compasses and by integrating their outbound flight paths. In order to investigate the capacity of...

Cell surface glycans play pivotal roles in immune cell trafficking and immunity. Here we present an efficient method for generating anti-carbohydrate monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) using gene-targeted mice and describe critical glycans in lymphocyte homing. We immunized sulfotransferase GlcNAc6ST-1 and GlcNAc6ST-2 doubly deficient mice with sulfotransferase-overexpressing Chinese hamster ovary ce...

Homing pigeons develop preferred routes when released alone several times from the same site, but they sometimes diverge from their preferred route when subsequently released with another pigeon. Additionally, group flights show a better homing performance than solo flights. But this knowledge is based on studies involving both sexes and lacks analyses of social parameters such as mating or bre...

The depletion of mucosal CD4+ T-cells occurs early in HIV infection and despite years on antiretroviral treatment (ART), this population never reconstitutes to pre-HIV infection levels. In an effort to understand the effect of ART initiation and different ART regimens on the reconstitution of mucosal T cells within the gut associated lymphoid tissue (GALT), we quantified the frequency of CD4+ a...

AIM Complexity of the method of isolation, cultivation in vitro and the expensive cost of transplantation process of stem cells, it would require an innovation to homing and differentiation of stem cells and increase folliculogenesis. The stem cells homing was achieved through the provision of food or beverages derived from natural materials like honeybee product. Through honeybee product, ther...

FTY720, given i.v. or orally at 0.03 mg/kg or more, significantly prolonged skin allograft survival in a dose-dependent manner and showed more potent immunosuppressive activity than cyclosporin A (CsA) or tacrolimus (FK506) in MHC-incompatible rat strains of WKAH donors and F344 recipients. However, unlike CsA or FK506, FTY720 up to 1000 nM did not affect IL-2 production in allogeneic MLC. With...