the aim of the study was the analysis of lithuanian honeys for the presence of the spores of clostridium botulinum. the analyses were performed on multifloral, honeydew, nectar-honeydew, rape, buckwheat, heather and linden honey bought in direct sale. prior to culture on solid media the samples were prepared by supernatant filtration method and cultured in parallel in cooked meat medium (cmm) a...

The brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens (Stål) (Hemiptera: Delphacidae), is an important pest of rice. To better understand the migration pattern and population structure of the Chinese populations of N. lugens, we developed and characterized 12 polymorphic microsatellites from the expressed sequence tags database of N. lugens. The occurrence of these simple sequence repeats was assessed in t...

The mutualistic interspecific relationships of trophobiosis between trophobiont planthoppers (Hemiptera, Fulgoromorpha) providing food to the host called xenobiont, are reviewed. degree these symbionts varies from occasional or short time duration (a few hours a days) longer ones, with trophobionts left free escape (optobiotic type) by maintained enclosed in nests ant shelters (cryptobiotic typ...

Nowadays, feeding honeybees is not only considered a way to provide them with energy, but also as factor that affects the normal functioning of all bees body systems and prevention various diseases. This study investigated quality natural artificial carbohydrate feed for honeybees, well presented data on their digestibility in conditions northwestern region European part Russia. A correlation w...

Abstract The high antioxidant capacity of tea is well-known, but the effect flavorings like honey or lemon has been less studied. Their antioxidants can interact with each other, global result being also affected by brewing temperature. combined heat (55 and 80 °C) (acacia honeydew honeys, juice) on total polyphenol, flavonoid content black green teas was In many cases higher obtained at °C. Te...

The net benefits of mutualism depend directly on the costs and effectiveness of mutualistic services and indirectly on the interactions that affect those services. We examined interactions among Cordia alliodora myrmecophytic trees, their symbiotic ants Azteca pittieri, coccoid hemipterans, and foliar herbivores in two Neotropical dry forests. The tree makes two investments in symbiotic ants: i...

Many arthropods engage in mutualisms in which they consume plant-based foods including nectar, extrafloral nectar, and honeydew. However, relatively little is known about the manner in which the specific macronutrients in these plant-based resources affect growth, especially for carnivorous arthropods. Using a combination of laboratory and field experiments, we tested (1) how plant-based foods,...