Interactions with microbial communities can have profound influences on animal physiology, thereby impacting animal performance and fitness. Therefore, it is important to understand the diversity and nature of host-microbe interactions in various animal groups (invertebrates, fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals). In this perspective, I discuss how the field of host-microbe interactio...

Most curricula for medical education have been integrated horizontally and vertically--vertically between basic and clinical sciences. The Flexnerian curriculum has disappeared to permit integration between basic sciences and clinical sciences, which are taught throughout the curriculum. We have proposed a different form of integration where the horizontal axis represents the defined learning o...

Miniaturisation of a bulky system requires effective use and integration of modern packaging technology to achieve smaller size and lighter weight while consuming low power and achieving high speed. Using three-dimensional packaging technology, a system can be miniaturised to a small package popularly known as system-in-a-package (SIP). Various layers of component integration (die or packaged) ...

OBJECTIVE To report the formulation and implementation of an organ system based integrated curriculum for MBBS students at Ziauddin Medical University (ZMU) Karachi. STEPS OF INTEGRATION The Basic Medical Science Faculty (Anatomy, Physiology and Biochemistry) along with representatives from Medicine, Surgery and Community Health Sciences held joint meetings spread over weeks to design a syste...

The ability to assemble discrete nanowires (NWs) with nanoscale precision on a substrate is the key to their integration into circuits and other functional systems. We demonstrate a bottom-up approach for massively parallel deterministic assembly of discrete NWs based on surface-guided horizontal growth from nanopatterned catalyst. The guided growth and the catalyst nanopattern define the direc...

This article aims to investigate whether auditory stimuli in the horizontal plane, particularly originating from behind the participant, affect audiovisual integration by using behavioral and event-related potential (ERP) measurements. In this study, visual stimuli were presented directly in front of the participants, auditory stimuli were presented at one location in an equidistant horizontal ...

In a situation where the overall behavior of the system depends on many different components, horizontal integration synthesizes a composite model from several components having the same spatial and/or temporal granularity. In multi-cellular organisms, many cell and tissue behaviors are the consequences of interactions among local components. Integrated system models are expected to be able to ...

Consolidation via merger both from hospital-to-hospital mergers and from hospital acquisitions of physician groups is changing the competitive landscape of the provision of health care delivery in the United States. This Article undertakes a legal and economic examination of a recent Ninth Circuit case examining the hospital acquisition of a physician group. This Article explores the Saint Alph...

The horizontal and vertical integration of design is discussed as a paradigm for redesigning the aerospace engineering curriculum at the University of Cincinnati. The motivation for such change is described in detail together with the educational philosophy developed in response to internal and external information gathering exercises. The general form of the newly proposed curriculum is presen...

Industry 4.0 will upgrade Germany’s industrial capabilities. With trade flows becoming increasingly internationally interlinked, automation, more flexible processes as well as horizontal and vertical integration are becoming more important features in a modern, competitive production structure. Germany in particular with its especially favourable fundamental features will find that “Industry 4....