Abstract Introduction Hypersomnia sleep disorders are characterized by overwhelming daytime sleepiness. Treatment options include sodium oxybate the salt of γ-hydroxybutyric acid (GHB). Oxybate, an endogenous metabolite GABA, acts through GABAB noradrenergic and dopaminergic neurons, as well at thalamocortical neurons. < 1% may experience suicidal ideations or psychosis. Report case(s) A...

Depression is a serious mental disorder manifested by depressed mood, pessimistic thoughts, feelings of worthlessness, feelings of guilt, tearfulness, reduced or increased sleep, appetite loss or appetite disturbance, weight loss or weight gain, social restlessness, loss of interest, difficulty concentrating. Mania is characterized by abnormally elevated or irritable mood, arousal, and/or energ...

INICAL HISTORY A 28-year-old woman has had migraine without aura since the age of 13 with attacks now occurring about 4 times per month with an inconsistent response to triptans. In addition, she has had recurring endogenous depression for 3 years treated with paroxetine last over one year ago with some help. Her depression is currently mild. There is no history to suggest hypomania or mania. S...

Seasonal affective disorder (SAD) is a recurrent depressive disorder in which episodes occur at a particular time of year. The most frequent variant is winter SAD in which patients become depressed during the autumn or early winter, with remission or conversion to hypomania the following spring. Recognition of winter SAD is important because the diagnosis predicts a good response to the novel t...

(1971), Hypomania and mania after withdrawal of tricyclic antidepressants. Short and Long term administration of tri-cyclic antidepressants and Lithium on nore-pinephrine turn over in the brain, Science, 199, 197. The honesty of Kramer was dubious. He used to torture witches in Tyrol and was expelled by the local Bishop. Kramer could win a sympathetic hearing by Pope Innocent VIII. The Bull was...

Bipolar disorder is a mood disorder that is characterized by episodes of mania or hypomania that often alternate with episodes of depression. Bipolar disorder is also referred to as manic-depressive disorder and bipolar affective disorder. This potentially disabling mood disorder has a lifetime prevalence of 4% in the US population (Ketter, 2010). According to the National Institute of Mental H...