Hypothalamic damage was induced in age-matched male and female albino mice by goldthioglucose injection, and their food consumption and body weight were compared over the following 60-day period. Sex differences in food consumption were also investigated as a function of palatability of food. Results show no significant sex differences in food consumption, although marked sex differences in bod...

The Influence of Central Insulin Signals on Stress Response in Mice Chi Nok Chong Stress is an anticipatory or actual disruption of homeostasis which triggers physiological responses to prepare for the threat or to reestablish the system’s internal equilibrium. Other than physical stress (e.g. blood loss, infection, pain, and cold) and psychogenic stress (e.g. novel environment (rodent) and imm...

The pituitary gland is the master which regulates body hormones. From corticotrophs of anterior gland, adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) secreted and influences corticosterone production in rodents via hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis (HPA axis). ACTH are frequently used as a hormonal marker stress level. Disturbance were observed many diseases especially Addison’s disease, Cushing’s syndr...

We have reviewed the available literature on thyroid diseases and coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), data from previous pandemic, severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) epidemic. learned that both SARS COVID-19 patients had abnormalities. In limited number of cases, where it was examined, decreased serum T3, T4 TSH levels were detected. a study survivors approximately 7% hypothyroidism. eva...

The prevalence of mental health disorders continues to rise worldwide, such that it is estimated that 1in 4 individuals will be affected by a mental health disorder at some point in their lifetime. Research has found that the most prevalent mental health disorders are depressive disorder. Depression is a common condition, particularly within the aging population. The development of depression, ...

Introduction The availability of hypothalamic-releasing hormones together with reliable assays of pituitary hormones in plasma have provided the means of accurate assessment of hypothalamic-pituitary function. A case is described of clinical hypopituitarism following radiotherapy to the head and neck, in which the use of these pituitary function tests has demonstrated damage at the hypothalamic...

Defective liver gluconeogenesis is the main mechanism leading to fasting hyperglycemia in type 2 diabetes, and, in concert with steatosis, it is the hallmark of hepatic insulin resistance. Experimental obesity results, at least in part, from hypothalamic inflammation, which leads to leptin resistance and defective regulation of energy homeostasis. Pharmacological or genetic disruption of hypoth...

Dexmedetomidine is generally used for sedaton in critically ill, it could shorten duration of mechanical ventilation, ICU stay and lower basic metabolism. However, the exact mechanism of these positive effects remains unkown. Here we investigated the hypothesis that dexmedetomidine could ameliorate muscle wasting in endotoxemic rats and whether it was related to hypothalamic neuropeptides alter...

Within the central nervous system (CNS), the hypothalamus senses and integrates information on the nutrient state of the body. However, the molecular mechanisms translating nutrient sensing into changes in gene expression and, ultimately, nutrient intake remain unclear. A crucial function for the cyclic AMP-response element binding protein (CREB) co-activator CREB-regulated transcription co-act...

The present study was conducted to quantify in vitro gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) release parameters in the male marmoset. We established primary cultures of marmoset hypothalamic tissues for approximately 2 days (marmosets) to assess GnRH release profiles in vitro in hypothalamic explants from testis-intact and gonadectomized males. Pulsatile GnRH release profiles were readily demonst...