I t is commonly held that increasing monetary rewards enhance work effort. This study, however, argues that this will not ineludibly occur in team activities. Incentive Reversal may occur in sequential team productions featuring positive external impacts on agents. This seemingly paradoxical event is explained through two experiments in this article. The first experiment involves a sample ...

It is not every day that a scholar stoops to defend legislatures. Oh sure, lots of political theorists rush to the defense of democracy in the abstract, but they often have little to say about actual democratic practice. By contrast, empirical political scientists (and “positive political theorists”) have lavished attention on the institutions of democratic governance such as legislatures (part...

an actively metabolizing cell. The end product of sporulation is an endospore with no detectable metabolism, which lacks most common high-energy compounds, including ATP and other nucleoside triphosphates (28). However, this dormant spore can survive for long periods of time even in a hydrated state, as there are reports of spores which may have survived several thousand years (33). While there...

The prohibition against sexual contact between a physician and a patient is well established and is embodied in the oath taken by all physicians, the Hippocratic Oath. The reason for this proscription is the awareness of the adverse effects of such conduct on patients. The report of the Council on Ethical and Judicial Affairs of the American Medical Association indicates that most researchers n...

Jean-Paul Gaudilli ere's Inventer la biomeÂdicine provides a welcome and timely synthesis of his extensive and very detailed investigations into the history of that strange creature that is``biomedicine''. Much of this work, which has focused not just on France, but on the United States, Britain and Germany as well, has previously appeared in disparate articles and chapters of edited collection...

Gabriel Richet was one of the great pioneers of European Nephrology. After a pivotal period of work with Jean Hamburger, whom we owe the name of our discipline, Nephrology, he contributed to all aspects of this specialty and was, in particular, a forerunner in dialysis and in the study of interstitial nephropathies.In this passionate and lucid interview, recorded in Paris in 2010, he describes ...

What is interesting today will not necessarily be interesting tomorrow. It is not very scientific to say that your paper might well be published because you have been lucky and have timed your submission correctly. After all, the customer is always right. When you have submitted your paper to your target journal you have to arm yourself with patience and hope for the best. You are, so to speak,...

when studying jurisprudential sources of shafeism, one may see many times statements like ‘ghala fi al-qadim’ and ‘ghala fi al-jadid’ which make researchers wonder whether imam shafi,i has really established two schools of thought! this claim does not seem to be correct and even shafi,i scholars have noticed it and allocated their phd theses to examine and prove their views regarding this matte...