In this paper, we give formal analyses of notions of fraud for the aim of verification of trade procedures. A fraud possibility is seen as an undesirable property of a trade procedure which its specification should not satisfy. It is argued that fraud may occur (in a trade procedure) when an agent violates an obligation and he/she also deceives another agent (a controller) about the fulfilment ...

It is well documented that transplants save lives and improve quality of life for patients suffering from kidney, liver, and heart failure. Uncontrolled donation after cardiac death (UDCD) is an effective and ethical alternative to existing efforts towards increasing the available pool of organs. However, people who die from an out-of-hospital cardiac arrest are currently being denied the oppor...

I propose a n alternative interpretation of the Crito. The arguments tha t a re typically taken to be Socrates’ primary arguments against escape are actually supplementary arguments that rely on what I call the Superiority Thesis, the thesis tha t the s ta te and i ts citizens a re members of a moral hierarchy where those below are tied by bonds of obligation to those above. I provide evidence ...

Deontic Logic goes back to Ernst Mally’s 1926 work, Grundgesetze des Sollens: Elemente der Logik des Willens (Mally, 1926), where he presented axioms for the notion ‘p ought to be the case’. Some difficulties were found in Mally’s axioms, and the field has much developed. Logic of Knowledge goes back to Hintikka’s work Knowledge and Belief (Hintikka, 1962) in which he proposed formal logics of ...

Obligations are generally actions that users are required to take and are essential for the expression of a large number of requirements. For instance, obligation actions may represent prerequisites to gain some privilege (pre obligations), to satisfy some ongoing or post requirement for resource usage (ongoing and post obligations), or to adhere to some privacy or availability policy. Obligati...

Purpose: The objective of the study was to analyse and evaluate two alternative liquid detergent packaging systems from point view their overall environmental impact. Using LCA method, we have come conclusion that cardboard is an with a lower negative impact on environment than HDPE bottle. Methodology/Approach: based method implemented through software openLCA, including available databases. F...