A new model of inter-module dependences is proposed. ! e key idea is that dependences are mediated by specifi cations, so that not only the existence of a dependence is recorded, but also its quality. A single module does not necessarily off er only a single specifi cation; each dependent module may use it through a diff erent specifi cation. ! is notion of dependence seems to explain some comm...

The programming language Java was introduced to the IT community as an “easy-to-learn” and “easy-to-use” language (typically referring to C++ for comparison). While this is certainly true, it turns out that even this supposedly easy language offers a lot of choices and comes with many programming idioms that must be understood thoroughly in order to produce high-quality software implemented in ...

We present a computational framework for chord invention based on a cognitive-theoretic perspective on conceptual blending. The framework builds on algebraic specifications, and solves two musicological problems. It automatically finds transitions between chord progressions of different keys or idioms, and it substitutes chords in a chord progression by other chords of a similar function, as a ...

In this paper I introduce (1) a technically simple and highly theory-independent way for lexically representing flexible idiomatic expressions, and (2) a procedure to incorporate these lexical representations in a wide variety of NLP systems. The method is based on Structural EQuivalence Classes for Idioms and therefore called the SEQCI method. I illustrate the approach using the Rosetta MT sys...

This paper describes the analysis of Pull-Based Asynchronous Rekeying Framework (ARF), a recently proposed solution to the scalable group key management problem in secure multicast. A model of this protocol is constructed in Alloy, a lightweight relational modeling language, and analyzed using the Alloy Analyzer, a fully automatic simulation and checking tool for Alloy models. In this analysis,...

Corpus surveys have shown that the exact forms with which idioms are realized are subject to variation. We report a rating experiment showing that such alternative realizations have varying degrees of acceptability. Idiom variation challenges processing theories associating idioms with fixed multi-word form units (Bobrow & Bell, 1973), fixed configurations of words (Cacciari & Tabossi, 1988), o...

Celem artykułu jest wstępna charakterystyka frazeologii operacyjnej, której kształt wyłania się z gramatyki operacyjnej Andrzeja Bogusławskiego. Rozważania w pierwszym podrozdziale szkicu – osadzone na gruncie amerykańskiej filozofii neopragmatystycznej dotyczą statusu ontologicznego idiomów. Dwie następne partie tekstu są poświęcone, kolejno, terminom: schemat syntaktyczny oraz frazeologizm ak...

The present study aims to consider the linguistic influence of official standard Persian language on idiom comprehension focusing on parts of body comprehension of Kurdish EFL learners. Most of the Kurds have studied in schools in which the language spoken or written has been different from their mother tongue. The present study is based on data from 92 EFL learners whom Kurdish is their first ...

Many animal-related idioms are found in Arabic and English languages. However, since there some differences between Arab western cultures history, tradition, geographical environment mode of thinking, animal can create a cultural gap, which hinders mutual understanding both cultures. The gap is noticed when translating from into Arabic. Therefore, this research investigates problems encounterin...