BACKGROUND Natural immunity to Plasmodium falciparum has been widely studied, but its effects on parasite dynamics are poorly understood. Acquisition and clearance rates of untreated infections are key elements of the dynamics of malaria, but estimating these parameters is challenging because of frequent super-infection and imperfect detectability of parasites. Consequently, information on effe...

leishmaniasis is one of the major health problems and categorized as a class i disease (emerging and uncontrolled) by world health organization (who), causing highly significant morbidity and mortality. indeed, more than 350 million individuals are at risk of leishmania infection, and about 1.6 million new cases occur causing more than 50 thousands death annually. because of the severe toxicity...

Vaccines are needed to prevent the oculogenital diseases of Chlamydia trachomatis. Infected hosts develop immunity, although temporary, and experimental vaccines have yielded significant protective immunity in animal models, fueling the impetus for a vaccine. Because infections cause sequelae, the functional relationship between infection- and vaccine-induced immunity is unclear. We hypothesize...

Enterococci are members of the lactic acid bacteria family and are responsible for many food spoilage and fermentations. Some strains of this microorganism are used as probiotics in humans and animals to improve host immunity. However, some Enterococci are important pathogens which cause severe infections. Some strains of Enterococci are resistant to common antibiotic...

It is thought that excessive production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) can be a causal component in many diseases, some which have an inflammatory component. This led to oversimplification whereby ROS are seen as and antioxidants anti-inflammatory. paper aims at reviewing the literature on thiols host defense. The review will first summarize mechanisms by we survive infections pathogens. Then...

Many viral infections can be prevented by immunizing with live, attenuated vaccines. Early methods of attenuation were hit-and-miss, now much improved genetic engineering. However, even current operate on the principle harm, reducing virus’s ability to grow. Reduced growth has undesired side-effect host immune response below that infection wild-type. Might some instead lead an increased respons...

Established memory T cell responses to a previously encountered pathogen can have a major impact on the course and outcome of a subsequent infection with an unrelated pathogen. This phenomenon, known as heterologous immunity, is dependent on the sequence of infections and can be either beneficial or detrimental to the host. Examples of heterologous immunity between unrelated viruses and alloant...

Patients with diabetes often have more invasive infections, which may lead to an increase in morbidity. The hyperglycaemic environment promotes immune dysfunction (such as the deterioration of neutrophil activity, antioxidant system suppression, and compromised innate immunity), micro- microangiopathies, neuropathy. A greater number medical interventions leads a higher frequency infections diab...